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Income managementIn all three waves of the study to date, the primary carersin Footprints in Time have been asked whether theyhave been affected by income management (incomequarantining). Income management is a programdesigned to ensure that Centrelink payments are spenton priority goods and services. It operates by settingaside a percentage of certain income support andfamily payments to be spent on food, housing, clothing,education and health care. At the time of the wave 3data collection, income management was operating inmetropolitan Perth and the Kimberley region in WesternAustralia, across the Northern Territory, and in parts ofQueensland under the Cape York Welfare Reform.Table 32 shows that primary carers in the areas ofmoderate to extreme isolation were more likely to reportbeing affected by income management. This is duelargely to the limited number of areas in which incomemanagement is operating. Of the 88 primary carers inthe study affected by income quarantining (6.3 per centof all primary carers), 71.6 per cent responded thatincome management was good or very good for theirfamilies and 64.8 per cent thought that it brought positivechanges to their communities.Primary carers were also asked about their use ofCentrepay, an arrangement for the direct payment of billsby Centrelink. Unlike income management, Centrepay isa voluntary service offered to people receiving incomesupport payments, whereby the customers can choose topay bills by having a regular amount deducted from theirCentrelink payment. Since it is up to each person to applyfor and use Centrepay, the lack of pattern across levels ofrelative isolation (as shown in Table 32) is not particularlysurprising. Those in areas of no isolation at wave 3 mayhave moved from a more isolated area where incomemanagement had been implemented.Table 32: Income management and Centrepay, by LORI, per centLORIPrimary carer affected by incomemanagement or CentrepayNone(urban) Low ModerateHigh orextremeAll areasIncome management/quarantining 0.3 4.2 20.2 14.1 6.3Centrepay (direct bill paying serviceby Centrelink)9.0 19.1 1.1 13.4 13.4No income management or Centrepay 90.7 76.5 78.7 71.8 80.1Don’t know 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1Refused to answer 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1Note:It is possible to be on both income management and Centrepay. However, the question was asked in a single response format,therefore the figures for Centrepay may be understated.44 Footprints in Time: The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children | Key Summary Report from Wave 3
Financial situationIn wave 3, primary carers of the study children were askedabout their family’s overall money situation. Figure 20summarises answers provided by respondents dependingon the LORI of the area in which they live. People inareas of high isolation were at least half as likely to reportrunning out of money before payday or spending morethan they got than people in areas of no isolation.Across the whole sample about 40.1 per cent of primarycarers said that their money situation just allowed them toget to the next payday, and an additional 12.9 per centreported a worse financial situation, with the family eitherrunning out of money before payday or spending morethan they received. On the other hand, 31.6 per cent ofprimary carers reported that they were able to save somemoney from time to time and a further 5.6 per cent saidthey could save a lot.The money situation did not seem to differ a great dealacross family types (Figure 21). However couple familieswith children and no other adults present tended to besomewhat more comfortable in their situation and wereslightly more likely to be able to save at least occasionally,while lone primary carer families with no other adultspresent in the household were the most likely to run out ofmoney before payday.Figure 20: Family money situation in wave 3, by LORI, per centFigure 21: Family money situation in wave 3, by family type, per centFootprints in Time: The Longitudinal Study of Indigenous Children | Key Summary Report from Wave 345
Page 2 and 3: The Footprints in Time team acknowl
Page 5 and 6: ContentsForeword 6Introduction 7Imp
Page 7 and 8: Culture and community 53Neighbourho
Page 9 and 10: IntroductionFootprints in Time is t
Page 11 and 12: AANNUAL UPDATEIt’s a child’s li
Page 13 and 14: Table 2: Type of school attended by
Page 15 and 16: Figure 4: Average “Who Am I?” s
Page 17: Table 5: Persistence of concerns ab
Page 22: Dental healthAs they are growing up
Page 26 and 27: Table10: Percentage of children doi
Page 28 and 29: Table 12: Percentage of children do
Page 30 and 31: Table 14: Changes in family type of
Page 32 and 33: Parents living elsewhereGeneral que
Page 34 and 35: Primary carers of children who did
Page 36 and 37: Figure 14: Most common reasons for
Page 38 and 39: HomelessnessOn any given day, nearl
Page 40 and 41: For 77.0 per cent of respondents th
Page 42 and 43: Jobless and two-earner familiesIf w
Page 44 and 45: Income and financeThe Footprints in
Page 48 and 49: Table 33: Family money situation in
Page 50 and 51: Primary carer health and wellbeingE
Page 52 and 53: Parental warmth and disciplineIn wa
Page 54 and 55: Questions about a list of major lif
Page 56 and 57: Table 40 shows the relative distrib
Page 58 and 59: in areas of low or moderate isolati
Page 60 and 61: It is also important to consider th
Page 62 and 63: The degree of trust respondents had
Page 64 and 65: Parent and child directed activitie
Page 66 and 67: Table 52: Level of television viewi
Page 68 and 69: With the exception of storytelling,
Page 70 and 71: Children in areas of high or extrem
Page 72 and 73: Nevertheless, cards was the form of
Page 74 and 75: Social and emotional development:In
Page 76 and 77: The prosocial scores were significa
Page 78 and 79: In wave 3, teacher-based SDQ scores
Page 80 and 81: English language acquisition: relat
Page 82 and 83: Using the MacArthur Bates vocabular
Page 84 and 85: Mothers’ educational aspirations
Page 86 and 87: curriculum, stable schooling (only
Page 89 and 90: Appendix ABackground to the studyCo
Page 91 and 92: Other participant interviewsIn addi
Page 93 and 94: Table 71: Percentage of wave 1 resp
Page 95 and 96: Access to the dataThe dataset used
Page 97 and 98:
ReferencesAustralian Bureau of Stat
Page 100:
FAHCSIA11828
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