CLINICAL HANDBOOK OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

124 II. ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSISmagnetic resonance imaging, and other tests—to rule out or to confirm general medicaland cognitive disorders.KEY POINTS• Schizophrenia is a severe and complex psychiatric disorder; characteristic—positive andnegative—symptoms, as well as other impairments, commonly accompany the disorder.• Diagnostic interviewing for schizophrenia is facilitated by structured assessment tools.• There are various challenges in diagnostic interviewing of people with schizophrenia, forwhich guidelines can be helpful.• Many of the guidelines for diagnostic interviews of people with schizophrenia address clinicalcommunication skills.• Differential diagnosis should be given special attention in diagnostic interviews of peoplewith schizophrenia.REFERENCES AND RECOMMENDED READINGSAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4thed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.Andreasen, N. C. (1982). Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Definition and reliability. Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry, 39, 784–788.Curson, D. A., Patel, M., Liddle, P. F., & Barnes, T. R. E. (1988). Psychiatric morbidity of a long-stayhospital population with chronic schizophrenia and implications for future community care.British Medical Journal, 297, 819–822.First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1995). Structured Clinical Interview forDSM-IV Axis I Disorders—Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0). New York: Biometrics ResearchDepartment, New York State Psychiatric Institute.Kay, S. R., Opler, L. A., & Fiszbein, A. (1987). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) forschizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 261–276.Kranzler, H. R., Kadden, R. M., Burleson, J. A., Babor, T. F., Apter, A., & Rounsaville, B. J. (1995). Validityof psychiatric diagnoses in patients with substance use disorders: Is the interview more importantthan the interviewer? Comprehensive Psychiatry, 36, 278–288.Overall, G., & Gorham, D. (1962). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10,799—812.Roe, D., & Davidson, L. (2005). Self and narrative in schizophrenia: Time to author a new story. Journalof Medical Humanities, 31, 89–94.Roe, D., & Kravetz, S. (2003). Different ways of being aware of and acknowledging a psychiatric disability:A multifunctional narrative approach to insight into mental disorder. Journal of Nervousand Mental Disease, 191, 417–424.Roe, D., Lereya, J., & Fennig, S. (2001). Comparing patients and staff member’s attitudes: Does patient’scompetence to disagree mean they are not competent? Journal of Nervous and MentalDisease, 189, 307—310.Rudnick, A. (1997). On the notion of psychosis: The DSM-IV in perspective. Psychopathology, 30,298–302.Schuckit, M. A. (1989). Drug and alcohol abuse: A clinical guide to diagnosis and treatment, third edition.New York: Plenum Press.Switzer, G. E., Dew, M. A., Thompson, K., Goycoolea, J. M., Derricott, T., & Mullins, S. D. (1999).Posttraumatic stress disorder and service utilization among urban mental health center clients.Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 25–39.World Health Organization. (1992). International classification of diseases (ICD-10) (10th ed.).Geneva: Author.