CLINICAL HANDBOOK OF SCHIZOPHRENIA

646 IndexRisk factorsfor co-occurring SUDs, 460environmental, 26gender and, 575–576PACE criteria for, 381suicidal, 492, 493t–494t, 496–499Risperidone (Risperdal), 7, 30,32for COS/EOS, 487cost-effectiveness of, 511–512discontinuation of, 168and dual diagnosis ofschizophrenia and ID, 443hyperprolactinemia and, 171metabolism of, 166torthostatic hypotension and,175–176during pregnancy, 476advantages/disadvantages/metabolic change, 475tside effect potential of, 169tside effects in adolescents, 488treatment with, 164with valproate, 187–188weight gain and, 172Role plays, 242–243Safe sexin Friendship and IntimacyModule, 609–610ignorance about, 606psychoeducation about, 606–607Safety, in ER treatment, 340Safety behaviors, 236–237Safety plan, for suicidal patients,502Scaffolding, 259SCALE, 285Schizoaffective disordersECT indicated for, 197versus schizophrenia, 123suicide risk and, 496–497Schizoaffective psychosis, 5Schizoid personality disorder, inchildren, 483Schizophreniaage at onsetclinical comparisons of, 391tgender and, 577ambulatory, 5background on, 559–560biological theories of. SeeBiological theoriesBleuler’s theory of, 4–5changes in services for, 298–299childhood-onset, 52, 481–484differential diagnosis of, 482–483co-occurring disorders and. SeeCo-occurring disordersin developing countries, 549–555. See also Developingcountriesdomains of pathology versusdisease entity paradigm of,559–560economics of, 507–515ECT indicated for, 197. Seealso Electroconvulsivetherapyepidemiology of, 14–24etiology of, 33first classification of, 35genetics versus environment in,44heterogenous nature of, 34,391history as psychiatric disorder,3–13clinical diagnosis, 3–5psychopharmacology/neuroscience, 7–12treatment, 5–6homelessness and. SeeHomelessnessICD subtypes, 101illness course. See Illness courseinternational collaborativestudies of, 551Kraepelin’s end states of, 4late-life. See Late-lifeschizophrenialate-onset, controversy over,17–18longitudinal course of, 22neuroanatomy/structuralneuroimaging, 8–9neurodevelopmental model of,45–47onset, 101–102origin of term, 4, 26outcome studies, 559prevalence, 15–16economic burden and, 507–510. See also Economicimpactprevalence among homelesspeople, 412–414problems in defining, 14prodromal stage, 102progressive nature of, 52pseudoneurotic, 5remission of, 559–565. See alsoRemissionrisk factors for, 18–22symptoms, 3transmission of, 58treatment-resistant, 188–189Schizophrenia prodrome, 380–389antipsychotics for, 387cognitively orientedpsychotherapy for, 382–387crisis evaluation and, 380–382key points, 388other pharmacological agentsfor, 387–388prepsychotic intervention in,380–382recommendations and futuredirections, 388supportive psychotherapy for,382Schizophrenia Quality of LifeScale, 585Schizophrenia spectrum disorder,106Schizophrenia Suicide Risk Scale,498Schizophrenia-like psychosislate-onset, 17very late, 390Schizophrenics Anonymous,300Schneiderian hallucinations, 86School deficits, treatment of,149tSchool functioning, interventionsfor, 153Seclusion policies, 345Sedationantipsychotic-related, parentingand, 476clozapine-related, 181tSeeking Safety, approach andtarget population, 456tSegregation analyses, 61–62Seizure risk, clozapine-related,181t, 182Selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitors, 191–192Self-carewith diabetes, 428–429groups focusing on, 299–300problems with, 280Self-determination, schizophreniaand, 625Self-Efficacy and Exercise HabitsSurvey, 131Self-esteem, 78Self-harm behaviors, 492potential for, ethical dilemmasand, 625Self-help activities, 298–305Self-help groups, 299–300advocacy-oriented, 301–302combined family–consumer,302–304