Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual - Association of Zoos and Aquariums
Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual - Association of Zoos and Aquariums
Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual - Association of Zoos and Aquariums
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<strong>Association</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Zoos</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Aquariums</strong> 151<br />
<strong>Otter</strong> (<strong>Lutrinae</strong>) <strong>Care</strong> <strong>Manual</strong><br />
Part 5: ALGAE CONTROL<br />
The presence <strong>of</strong> algae in an otter exhibit pool has some benefits. A manageable amount can help<br />
control nitrate levels. However, if the level <strong>of</strong> algae exceeds manageable limits, it makes the water<br />
unsightly, reduces oxygen levels, <strong>and</strong> potentially reduces water circulation.<br />
Algae need light, appropriate temperature, <strong>and</strong> nutrients. Control is a concern, particularly in outdoor<br />
otter pools exposed to significant amounts <strong>of</strong> sunlight. By providing for a suitable amount <strong>of</strong> shade <strong>and</strong><br />
controlling the amount <strong>of</strong> available nutrients, it is possible to keep algae manageable. Therefore<br />
controlling algae is best addressed in the design phase <strong>of</strong> the exhibit when solutions to these concerns<br />
can be built into the exhibit design. Some <strong>of</strong> them can be added after the fact but it is usually more<br />
expensive <strong>and</strong> troublesome to do so.<br />
Light: If the exhibit is located where the amount <strong>of</strong> direct sunlight is a problem, a suitable shade structure<br />
should be found or fabricated. Coloring agents added to the water can limit the penetration <strong>of</strong> light to the<br />
algae growing below the water's surface by coloring the water. It seems most <strong>of</strong> them turn the water<br />
various shades <strong>of</strong> blue. Without light, the algae cannot grow. If you have Ultra Violet (UV) disinfection<br />
devices on your filtration system, coloring agents will render them useless <strong>and</strong> the colored water may be<br />
an aesthetic issue. They claim to have no effects on animals, but blue tinted otters would be very<br />
unsettling.<br />
Trees provide shade but they may also provide falling leaves <strong>and</strong> branches which foul the water.<br />
They also may be toxic in some instances. In such cases, it would be worthwhile to mount some sort <strong>of</strong><br />
structure, such as a net, to deflect the material from the water.<br />
Nutrients: Algae need nutrients to grow. Nitrates <strong>and</strong> phosphates are the main concerns. Nitrates come<br />
mostly from decaying organic material, found in a variety <strong>of</strong> sources such as animal waste,<br />
uneaten/leftover food, or decaying leaves <strong>and</strong> branches. Good hygiene <strong>and</strong> a properly designed filtration<br />
system will help. In an outdoor exhibit, a raised lip around the pool will divert rain run<strong>of</strong>f around the pond<br />
<strong>and</strong> help keep dirt out.<br />
Phosphates usually come in the source water or in food for the animal. At this writing, they can be<br />
dealt with by filtering the source water to remove phosphates (expensive) or by treating the system with<br />
lanthanum chloride in its various commercial forms. To the best <strong>of</strong> my knowledge, lanthanum chloride is<br />
not harmful to otters but you should check with your vet regardless.<br />
If possible, additional floating plants in the exhibit can compete with the algae for nutrients <strong>and</strong> also<br />
reduce the amount <strong>of</strong> available light.<br />
Mechanical Filtration <strong>and</strong> UV Sterilizers: Mechanical filtration moves undesirable organic matter from<br />
the water column to the filters. This means the algae have a reduced amount <strong>of</strong> nutrients available to<br />
them. The organic material is typically retained in the filtering material, so keeping the filter regularly<br />
backwashed <strong>and</strong> working efficiently is vital.<br />
UV sterilizers are installed in line after the mechanical filter. The cleaner <strong>and</strong> clearer water helps UV<br />
sterilizers function properly. The clearer the water, the more effective the UV. When water is pumped<br />
through the UV sterilizer, the ultraviolet light that is emitted will break down the cell wall <strong>of</strong> the algae <strong>and</strong><br />
the algae will then die. UV’s also have disinfectant capabilities.<br />
UV dose = UV intensity X exposure time.<br />
Make sure to get the appropriate sized UV sterilizer for your pond, <strong>and</strong> also make sure that the water<br />
flow through the UV allows for sufficient exposure time. Note that the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> UV drops<br />
dramatically as the temperature goes down. Of course, in terms <strong>of</strong> algae control in outdoor exhibits, algae<br />
populations are likely to drop down with the temperature.<br />
Water Additives: Most water additives developed for algae control come from the swimming pool <strong>and</strong><br />
ornamental pond industry. Many <strong>of</strong> these products are toxic, not only to algae, but to other forms <strong>of</strong> life. It<br />
is important to take this into account when considering them for use in an otter exhibit. Always check the<br />
label <strong>and</strong> the MSDS sheet to make sure that it is safe for the life in your pool.<br />
Additives can either be algiscidal or algistatic. Algiscidal products kill the algae outright. Most metal<br />
ion complexes (copper, silver) fit into this category. Other products, such as barley straw, suppress the<br />
growth <strong>of</strong> algae in some fashion <strong>and</strong> are usually used in a preventative manner. It is important to<br />
underst<strong>and</strong> at what stage the algae problem is so that the correct product is used. For example, barley<br />
straw, an algistatic substance, is not as effective after the algae in your exhibit have bloomed. At that