Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual - Association of Zoos and Aquariums

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Association of Zoos and Aquariums 4 Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual 9.1 Program Animal Policy .................................................................................................................83 9.2 Institutional Program Animal Plans ............................................................................................85 9.3 Program Evaluation ......................................................................................................................86 Chapter 10. Research............................................................................................................................87 10.1 Known Methodologies................................................................................................................87 10.2 Future Research Needs.............................................................................................................88 Acknowledgements...............................................................................................................................91 References...............................................................................................................................................92 Appendix A: Accreditation Standards by Chapter......................................................................100 Appendix B: Acquisition/Disposition Policy.................................................................................103 Appendix C: Recommended Quarantine Procedures ................................................................107 Appendix D: Program Animal Position Statement......................................................................109 Appendix E: Developing an Institutional Program Animal Policy ..........................................111 Appendix F: AZA Accreditation Standards for Otters................................................................115 Appendix G: Giant Otter Enclosure Design ..................................................................................117 Appendix H: Description of Nutrients ............................................................................................119 Appendix I: Pup Weights of Ex-situ Population Bred Otters....................................................122 Appendix J: List of Commonly Trained Behaviors for Otters..................................................124 Appendix K: Enrichment Items Commonly Provided to Otters...............................................126 Appendix L: Resources for Enrichment and Training ...............................................................128 Appendix M: Missouri Fish and Wildlife Otter Stomach Contents .........................................131 Appendix N: Basic Considerations in the Design and Maintenance of Otter Exhibit Life Support Systems..................................................................................................................................132 Appendix O: Female Otter Reintroduction Plan ..........................................................................153 Appendix P: Otter Body Condition Matrix.....................................................................................154
Association of Zoos and Aquariums 5 Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual Introduction Preamble Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA) accredited institutions are required to comply with all relevant local, state, and federal wildlife laws and regulations in addition to all AZA accreditation standards. AZA accreditation standards are continuously being raised or added. Staff from AZA-accredited institutions are required to know and comply with all AZA accreditation standards, including those most recently listed on the AZA website (www.aza.org) which might not be included in this manual. Taxonomic Classification Table 1: Taxonomic classification for Lutrinae Classification Taxonomy Additional information Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Carnivora Suborder Caniformia Family Mustelidae Sub Family Lutrinae Some species names are still being debated Genus, Species, and Status Table 2: Genus, species, and status information for Lutrinae recommended for management by the AZA Otter SSP Genus Species Common Name USA Status IUCN Status AZA Status Aonyx (Amblonyx) Cinereus Asian small- Not listed Vulnerable SSP (cinerea)* clawed otter Lutra (Hydrictis) maculicollis Spotted-necked Not listed Least Concern SSP Pteronura otter brasiliensis Giant otter Endangered Endangered SSP Lontra (Lutra) canadensis North American Not listed Least Concern PMP river otter *Some recent resources are still using Aonyx cinerea (Wilson & Reeder 2005) however, the IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group and ITIS have switched to Aonyx cinereus based on input from Koepfli & Wayne (1998, 2003) and advice that the appropriate Latin gender declination is cinereus and not cinerea; we are using the OSG as our citing source (www.otterspecialistgroup.org/). ISIS uses A. cinereus. General Information Introduction: The AZA Small Carnivore Taxon Advisory Group (TAG) has designated four semi-aquatic otter species for management under the AZA Otter Species Survival Plan® (SSP). These are the Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx/Amblonyx cinereus), giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis), North American (Nearctic) river otter (Lontra canadensis), and the spotted-necked otter (Lutra maculicollis). The African (Cape) clawless otter (Aonyx capensis) is currently represented in AZA institutions but is recommended for phase-out. Because specimens are still maintained by member institutions, care information is included. These otter species exhibit varying needs and degrees of sociality. Many of their ex-situ population care requirements are similar but there are significant variations in some of their husbandry needs. For more detailed information please refer to the following husbandry manuals: • Asian Small-clawed Husbandry Manual (Lombardi et al. 1998) • International Giant Otter Studbook Husbandry and Management Information and Guidelines 2005, 2 nd Edition (Sykes-Gatz 2005) • North American River Otter Notebook, 3rd Edition (Reed-Smith 2008) and Summary of Husbandry Guidelines for North American (aka Nearctic) River Otters (Lontra canadensis) in Captivity (Owens et al. 2009): www.otterspecialistgroup.org/Library/TaskForces/OCT.html. • Summary of Husbandry Guidelines for African Spotted-necked Otters in Captivity (Benza et al. 2009): www.otterspecialistgroup.org/Library/TaskForces/OCT.
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Commonly Trained Behaviors for: Mus
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Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual - Association of Zoos and Aquariums

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