Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual - Association of Zoos and Aquariums

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Careful consideration must be given to the design and size of all program animal enclosures, including exhibit, off-exhibit holding, hospital, quarantine, and isolation areas, such that the physical, social, behavioral, and psychological needs of the species are met and species-appropriate behaviors are facilitated (10.3.3; 1.5.2). Animal transportation must be conducted in a manner that is lawful, safe, well-planned and coordinated, and minimizes risk to the animal(s), employees, and general public (1.5.11). 9.3 Program Evaluation AZA-accredited institutions which have Institutional Program Animal Plan are required to evaluate the efficacy of the plan routinely (see Appendix E for recommendations). Education and conservation messaging content retention, animal health and well-being, guest responses, policy effectiveness, and accountability and ramifications of policy violations should be assessed and revised as needed. Association of Zoos and Aquariums 86 Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual AZA Accreditation Standard (10.3.3) All animal enclosures (exhibits, holding areas, hospital, and quarantine/isolation) must be of a size and complexity sufficient to provide for the animal’s physical, social, and psychological well-being; and exhibit enclosures must include provisions for the behavioral enrichment of the animals. AZA Accreditation Standard (1.5.2) Animals should be displayed, whenever possible, in exhibits replicating their wild habitat and in numbers sufficient to meet their social and behavioral needs. Display of single specimens should be avoided unless biologically correct for the species involved. AZA Accreditation Standard (1.5.11) Animal transportation must be conducted in a manner that is safe, wellplanned and coordinated, and minimizes risk to the animal(s), employees, and general public. All applicable local, state, and federal laws must be adhered to.
10.1 Known Methodologies AZA believes that contemporary animal management, husbandry, veterinary care and conservation practices should be based in science, and that a commitment to scientific research, both basic and applied, is a trademark of the modern zoological park and aquarium. AZA-accredited institutions have the invaluable opportunity, and are expected, to conduct or facilitate research both in in-situ and ex-situ settings to advance scientific knowledge of the animals in our care and enhance the conservation of wild populations. For otters, this knowledge might be achieved by AZA Small Carnivore Taxon Advisory Group Association of Zoos and Aquariums 87 Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual Chapter 10. Research (TAG) or AZA Otter Species Survival Plan® (SSP) Program sponsored research, conducting original research projects, affiliating with local universities, and/or employing staff with scientific credentials (5.3). Research investigations, whether observational, behavioral, physiological, or genetically based, should have a clear scientific purpose with the reasonable expectation that they will increase our understanding of the otter species being investigated and may provide results which benefit the health or welfare of otters in wild populations. Many AZA-accredited institutions incorporate superior positive reinforcement training programs into their routine schedules to facilitate sensory, cognitive, and physiological research investigations and these types of programs are strongly encouraged by the AZA. AZA-accredited institutions are required to have a clearly written research policy that identifies the types of research being conducted, methods used, staff involved, evaluations of the projects, the animals included, and guidelines for the reporting or publication of any findings (5.2). Institutions must designate e a qualified individual designated to oversee and direct its research program (5.1). If institutions are not able to conduct in-house research investigations, they are strongly encouraged to provide financial, personnel, logistical, and other support for priority research and conservation initiatives identified by Taxon Advisory Groups or Species Survival Plans®. AZA Accreditation Standard (5.3) Institutions should maximize the generation of scientific knowledge gained from the animal collection. This might be achieved by participating in AZA TAG/SSP sponsored research when applicable, conducting original research projects, affiliating with local universities, and/or employing staff with scientific credentials. AZA Accreditation Standard (5.2) Institutions must have a written policy that outlines the type of research that it conducts, methods, staff involvement, evaluations, animals to be involved, and guidelines for publication of findings. AZA Accreditation Standard (5.1) Research activities must be under the direction of a person qualified to make informed decisions regarding research. The AZA Otter SSP, which falls under the Small Carnivore TAG, is the AZA entity tasked with recommending species for management by member institutions. The IUCN/SSC Otter Specialist Group (OSG) serves as an international focus of information sharing for these species. Information on current and past field work can be found at the OSG web site, www.otterspecialistgroup.org. Several universities (e.g. Frostburg State University, University of Wyoming) have professors specializing in otter research. However, situations change and students interested in pursuing work with otters always should research current specialists working in the area and institutions with which they are affiliated. The AZA Otter SSP is compiling a list of institutions involved in or supporting otter research and conservation work. This information will become available in future versions of this document. For input on ongoing research or areas requiring further investigation please refer to the OSG web site or contact the AZA Otter SSP Chair. Effective Research Methodologies: All sound research approaches should be viable for use on otters, as long as they are not too invasive, require extensive surgery, or cause pain or discomfort. The following methodologies are routinely used by researchers looking at otters: • Behavioral observation • Latrine surveys • Fecal hormone analysis represents an invaluable tool for assessing the reproductive status of individuals and populations in a completely noninvasive manner. • Fecal DNA analysis
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Otter (Lutrinae) Care Manual - Association of Zoos and Aquariums

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