Thermodynamics

11-2 The Reversed Carnot Cycle11-3 The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle11-4 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle11-5 Selecting the Right Refrigerant11-6 Heat Pump Systems11-7 Innovative Vapor-Compression Refrigeration SystemsCascade Refrigeration SystemsMultistage Compression Refrigeration SystemsMultipurpose Refrigeration Systems with a Single CompressorLiquefaction of Gases11-8 Gas Refrigeration Cycles11-9 Absorption Refrigeration SystemsTopics of Special Interest: Thermoelectric Power Generation and RefrigerationSystemsSummaryReferences and Suggested ReadingProblemsChapter 12Thermodynamic Property Relations12-1 A Little Math—Partial Derivatives and Associated RelationsPartial DifferentialsPartial Differential Relations12-2 The Maxwell Relations12-3 The Clapeyron Equation12-4 General Relations for du, dh, ds, C v , and C pInternal Energy ChangesEnthalpy ChangesEntropy ChangesSpecific Heats C v and C p12-5 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient12-6 The ∆h, ∆u, and ∆s of Real GasesEnthalpy Changes of Real GasesInternal Energy Changes of Real GasesEntropy Changes of Real GasesSummaryReferences and Suggested Reading