Thermodynamics

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 6The Second Law of Thermodynamics6-1 Introduction to the Second Law6-2 Thermal Energy Reservoirs6-3 Heat EnginesThermal EfficiencyCan We Save Q out ?The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin–Planck Statement6-5 Refrigerators and Heat PumpsCoefficient of PerformanceHeat PumpsThe Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clausius StatementEquivalence of the Two Statements6-6 Perpetual-Motion Machines6-7 Reversible and Irreversible ProcessesIrreversibilitiesInternally and Externally Reversible Processes6-8 The Carnot CycleThe Reversed Carnot Cycle6-9 The Carnot Principles6-10 The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale6-11 The Carnot Heat EngineThe Quality of EnergyQuantity versus Quality in Daily Life6-12 The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat PumpTopics of Special Interest: Household RefrigeratorsSummaryReferences and Suggested ReadingProblemsChapter 7Entropy7-1 EntropyA Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat TransferProcesses
7-2 The Increase of Entropy PrincipleSome Remarks about Entropy7-3 Entropy Change of Pure Substances7-4 Isentropic Processes7-5 Property Diagrams Involving Entropy7-6 What Is Entropy?Entropy and Entropy Generation in Daily Life7-7 The T ds Relations7-8 Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids7-9 The Entropy Change of Ideal GasesConstant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)Isentropic Processes of Ideal GasesConstant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis)Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis)Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume7-10 Reversible Steady-Flow WorkProof that Steady-Flow Devices Deliver the Most and Consume the LeastWork when the Process Is Reversible7-11 Minimizing the Compressor WorkMultistage Compression with Intercooling7-12 Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow DevicesIsentropic Efficiency of TurbinesIsentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and PumpsIsentropic Efficiency of Nozzles7-13 Entropy BalanceEntropy Change of a System, ∆S systemMechanisms of Entropy Transfer, S in and S out1 Heat Transfer2 Mass FlowEntropy Generation, S genClosed SystemsControl VolumesEntropy Generation Associated with a Heat Transfer ProcessTopics of Special Interest: Reducing the Cost of Compressed AirSummaryReferences and Suggested ReadingProblems
Page 2: Chapter 1Introduction and Basic Con
Page 5: 4-2 Energy Balance for Closed Syste
Page 9 and 10: Development of Gas TurbinesDeviatio
Page 11 and 12: ProblemsChapter 13Gas Mixtures13-1
Page 13: 17-1 Stagnation Properties17-2 Spee
Page 16 and 17: Appendix 2Property Tables and Chart
Page 18 and 19: PREFACEBACKGROUNDThermodynamics is
Page 20 and 21: Preface | xixcoverage of oblique sh
Page 22 and 23: starts with the simplest case and a
Page 24 and 25: A CHOICE OF SI ALONE OR SI/ENGLISH
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CON
Page 28 and 29: particles to determine the pressure
Page 30 and 31: did not find universal acceptance u
Page 32 and 33: 1 J 1 N # m (1-3)Chapter 1 | 7wher
Page 34 and 35: mN kgs 2andlbf 32.174 ftlbm s 2 C
Page 36 and 37: devices is best studied by selectin
Page 38 and 39: diameter) is much larger than the m
Page 40 and 41: A system is called a simple compres
Page 42 and 43: time in a periodic manner, and the
Page 44 and 45: points on a plane, these two measur
Page 46 and 47: We emphasize that the magnitudes of
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 1 | 23P gageP vacP atmP atm
Page 50 and 51: the pressure difference between poi
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 1 | 27Solution The reading
Page 54 and 55: Other Pressure Measurement DevicesA
Page 56 and 57:
Chapter 1 | 31EXAMPLE 1-8Measuring
Page 58 and 59:
Chapter 1 | 33Performing the integr
Page 60 and 61:
Keep in mind that the solutions you
Page 62 and 63:
Chapter 1 | 37which is an exact mat
Page 64 and 65:
Chapter 1 | 39SUMMARYIn this chapte
Page 66 and 67:
1-23C What is a steady-flow process
Page 68 and 69:
60 NP atm = 95 kPam P = 4 kgChapter
Page 70 and 71:
unknown density is poured into one
Page 72 and 73:
1-96 The average temperature of the
Page 74 and 75:
Chapter 1 | 491-112E Consider a U-t
Page 76 and 77:
Chapter 2ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, A
Page 78 and 79:
Now if asked to name the energy tra
Page 80 and 81:
Some Physical Insight to Internal E
Page 82 and 83:
uranium-235 atom absorbs a neutron
Page 84 and 85:
gz b E # mech m # e mech m # a P
Page 86 and 87:
A process during which there is no
Page 88 and 89:
Heat and work are directional quant
Page 90 and 91:
Chapter 2 | 65Solution A well-insul
Page 92 and 93:
EXAMPLE 2-7Power Transmission by th
Page 94 and 95:
EXAMPLE 2-8Power Needs of a Car to
Page 96 and 97:
erty is the total energy. Note that
Page 98 and 99:
Chapter 2 | 73of a system during a
Page 100 and 101:
E in E out ¢E systemChapter 2
Page 102 and 103:
Chapter 2 | 777 cents per kWh, dete
Page 104 and 105:
all resistance heaters is 100 perce
Page 106 and 107:
the food to the energy consumed by
Page 108 and 109:
converted entirely from one mechani
Page 110 and 111:
Chapter 2 | 85Then the rate at whic
Page 112 and 113:
usually grouped as hydrocarbons (HC
Page 114 and 115:
Chapter 2 | 89a certain amount of a
Page 116 and 117:
mechanical energy, and thus electri
Page 118 and 119:
Chapter 2 | 93In solids, heat condu
Page 120 and 121:
Chapter 2 | 95In general, both e an
Page 122 and 123:
The energy flow rate associated wit
Page 124 and 125:
2-23C What is the caloric theory? W
Page 126 and 127:
this escalator. What would your ans
Page 128 and 129:
espectively. If the pressure rise o
Page 130 and 131:
700 W/m 2 and the surrounding air t
Page 132 and 133:
The water flow rate through the pum
Page 134:
2-141 The roof of an electrically h
Page 137 and 138:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/25/05 2:47 PM P
Page 139 and 140:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 141 and 142:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/25/05 2:47 PM P
Page 143 and 144:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/25/05 2:47 PM P
Page 145 and 146:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 147 and 148:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 149 and 150:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 151 and 152:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/25/05 2:47 PM P
Page 153 and 154:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 155 and 156:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/14/05 4:09 PM P
Page 157 and 158:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/11/05 12:23 PM
Page 159 and 160:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 161 and 162:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 163 and 164:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/26/05 4:40 PM P
Page 165 and 166:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 167 and 168:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 169 and 170:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/25/05 2:47 PM P
Page 171 and 172:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/19/05 9:40 AM P
Page 173 and 174:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 175 and 176:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 177 and 178:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/11/05 12:23 PM
Page 179 and 180:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 181 and 182:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 183 and 184:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 185 and 186:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 187 and 188:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/1/05 12:31 PM P
Page 189 and 190:
cen84959_ch03.qxd 4/20/05 5:07 PM P
Page 191 and 192:
166 | ThermodynamicsThe movingbound
Page 193 and 194:
168 | Thermodynamicscompression pro
Page 195 and 196:
170 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 4-3Isot
Page 197 and 198:
172 | Thermodynamicsthe gas, and (c
Page 199 and 200:
174 | ThermodynamicsGeneral Q - W =
Page 201 and 202:
176 | ThermodynamicsUse actual data
Page 203 and 204:
178 | ThermodynamicsVacuumP = 0W =
Page 205 and 206:
180 | ThermodynamicsAIRm = 1 kg300
Page 207 and 208:
182 | ThermodynamicsAIRT, Ku, kJ/kg
Page 209 and 210:
184 | ThermodynamicsAIR at 300 Kc v
Page 211 and 212:
186 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 4-9Heat
Page 213 and 214:
188 | ThermodynamicsP, kPa35023AIRF
Page 215 and 216:
190 | ThermodynamicsFor solids, the
Page 217 and 218:
⎫ ⎪⎬⎪⎭⎫⎪⎬⎪⎭192
Page 219 and 220:
194 | ThermodynamicsA 300-Wrefriger
Page 221 and 222:
196 | Thermodynamicsdays.) Although
Page 223 and 224:
198 | ThermodynamicsTABLE 4-3The ra
Page 225 and 226:
200 | ThermodynamicsSolution A pers
Page 227 and 228:
202 | Thermodynamics4-7 A piston-cy
Page 229 and 230:
204 | Thermodynamics4-30 A well-ins
Page 231 and 232:
206 | Thermodynamics(Table A-2b), a
Page 233 and 234:
208 | Thermodynamicsa rate of 100 b
Page 235 and 236:
210 | Thermodynamicsof carbohydrate
Page 237 and 238:
212 | ThermodynamicsQHePV n = const
Page 239 and 240:
214 | Thermodynamicsthe entire air
Page 241 and 242:
216 | Thermodynamics4-149 The speci
Page 243 and 244:
218 | Thermodynamicsduring vacuum c
Page 245 and 246:
220 | Thermodynamics2 kgH 216 kgO 2
Page 247 and 248:
222 | Thermodynamicsm in = 50 kgWat
Page 249 and 250:
224 | ThermodynamicsIt states that
Page 251 and 252:
226 | Thermodynamicswhere A jet pD
Page 253 and 254:
228 | ThermodynamicsThe fluid enter
Page 255 and 256:
230 | ThermodynamicsFIGURE 5-17Many
Page 257 and 258:
232 | ThermodynamicsCVW˙eW˙shFIGU
Page 259 and 260:
234 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 5-4Dece
Page 261 and 262:
236 | ThermodynamicsDividing by the
Page 263 and 264:
238 | ThermodynamicsAnalysis We tak
Page 265 and 266:
240 | Thermodynamicsu 1 = 94.79 kJ/
Page 267 and 268:
242 | Thermodynamics50°CFluid B70
Page 269 and 270:
244 | ThermodynamicsR-134a. .Qw,in
Page 271 and 272:
246 | ThermodynamicsSubstituting th
Page 273 and 274:
248 | Thermodynamicsone of these wi
Page 275 and 276:
250 | Thermodynamicssince the initi
Page 277 and 278:
252 | ThermodynamicsThus,andv 2 0.
Page 279 and 280:
254 | Thermodynamicsenergy per unit
Page 281 and 282:
256 | Thermodynamicsunsteady-flow p
Page 283 and 284:
258 | Thermodynamics5-15 Air enters
Page 285 and 286:
260 | ThermodynamicsTurbines and Co
Page 287 and 288:
262 | Thermodynamicsby the incoming
Page 289 and 290:
264 | Thermodynamicsthe furnace. Ai
Page 291 and 292:
266 | Thermodynamicsmass flow rate
Page 293 and 294:
268 | Thermodynamicstank exists in
Page 295 and 296:
270 | Thermodynamicsis allowed to e
Page 297 and 298:
272 | Thermodynamicsfind the simple
Page 299 and 300:
274 | Thermodynamicsenters the buil
Page 301 and 302:
276 | Thermodynamicsopened, and air
Page 303 and 304:
278 | Thermodynamics5-212 Refrigera
Page 305 and 306:
280 | ThermodynamicsHOTCOFFEEHeatFI
Page 307 and 308:
282 | ThermodynamicsWATERWorkFIGURE
Page 309 and 310:
284 | ThermodynamicsorIt can also b
Page 311 and 312:
286 | Thermodynamicsthe cycle, even
Page 313 and 314:
288 | ThermodynamicsSurrounding med
Page 315 and 316:
290 | ThermodynamicsFIGURE 6-23When
Page 317 and 318:
292 | Thermodynamicsheat to the hou
Page 319 and 320:
294 | ThermodynamicsSystem boundary
Page 321 and 322:
296 | ThermodynamicsINTERACTIVETUTO
Page 323 and 324:
298 | Thermodynamics20°CHeat5°C20
Page 325 and 326:
300 | ThermodynamicsEnergysourceat
Page 327 and 328:
302 | Thermodynamics1Irrev.HEHigh-t
Page 329 and 330:
304 | Thermodynamicshave the same e
Page 331 and 332:
306 | ThermodynamicsHigh-temperatur
Page 333 and 334:
308 | ThermodynamicsQuantity versus
Page 335 and 336:
310 | ThermodynamicsWarm environmen
Page 337 and 338:
312 | ThermodynamicsTABLE 6-1Typica
Page 339 and 340:
314 | ThermodynamicsCoolairWarmairR
Page 341 and 342:
316 | Thermodynamicswhere W net,out
Page 343 and 344:
318 | Thermodynamicsbetween the tem
Page 345 and 346:
320 | Thermodynamics·120 kPax = 0.
Page 347 and 348:
322 | ThermodynamicsIf the air surr
Page 349 and 350:
324 | ThermodynamicsSpecial Topic:
Page 351 and 352:
326 | Thermodynamics°F temperature
Page 353 and 354:
328 | Thermodynamics$800 more to in
Page 355 and 356:
330 | ThermodynamicsIf heat is supp
Page 357 and 358:
332 | ThermodynamicsReversiblecycli
Page 359 and 360:
334 | ThermodynamicsT∆S = S 2 - S
Page 361 and 362:
336 | ThermodynamicsProcess 1-2(rev
Page 363 and 364:
338 | ThermodynamicsSurroundings∆
Page 365 and 366:
T340 | ThermodynamicsP 1 s 1 ≅ sT
Page 367 and 368:
342 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 7-4Entr
Page 369 and 370:
344 | ThermodynamicsThe power outpu
Page 371 and 372:
346 | ThermodynamicsTT HT L4A1 2W n
Page 373 and 374:
348 | ThermodynamicsW shHOT BODY80
Page 375 and 376:
350 | Thermodynamicsis highly irrev
Page 377 and 378:
352 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 7-7Effe
Page 379 and 380:
354 | ThermodynamicsThen the power
Page 381 and 382:
356 | ThermodynamicsandT 2 P 2s 2
Page 383 and 384:
358 | ThermodynamicsIsentropic Proc
Page 385 and 386:
360 | ThermodynamicsThe quantity T/
Page 387 and 388:
362 | ThermodynamicsT, RT 2 = 780 R
Page 389 and 390:
364 | ThermodynamicsIn gas power pl
Page 391 and 392:
366 | ThermodynamicsP 1 , T 1TURBIN
Page 393 and 394:
368 | ThermodynamicsPP 22Work saved
Page 395 and 396:
370 | ThermodynamicsThe compressor
Page 397 and 398:
372 | ThermodynamicsT,°CP 1 = 3 MP
Page 399 and 400:
374 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 7-15Eff
Page 401 and 402:
376 | ThermodynamicsT, KP 1 = 200 k
Page 403 and 404:
378 | ThermodynamicsEntropy Change
Page 405 and 406:
380 | ThermodynamicsS inMassHeatSys
Page 407 and 408:
382 | Thermodynamicsor, in the rate
Page 409 and 410:
384 | ThermodynamicsT,°C4501Thrott
Page 411 and 412:
386 | Thermodynamics(c) The entropy
Page 413 and 414:
388 | ThermodynamicsSubstituting, t
Page 415 and 416:
390 | Thermodynamicsat 100°C while
Page 417 and 418:
392 | ThermodynamicsCompressor: 125
Page 419 and 420:
394 | ThermodynamicsThen the mass f
Page 421 and 422:
396 | ThermodynamicsW electricMotor
Page 423 and 424:
398 | ThermodynamicsOutsideairWallA
Page 425 and 426:
400 | Thermodynamicsambient in a li
Page 427 and 428:
402 | ThermodynamicsPROBLEMS*Entrop
Page 429 and 430:
404 | Thermodynamicsthis problem. L
Page 431 and 432:
406 | Thermodynamics7-62C Starting
Page 433 and 434:
408 | Thermodynamics7-91 Liquid wat
Page 435 and 436:
410 | Thermodynamicstemperature of
Page 437 and 438:
412 | Thermodynamics7-136E In a pro
Page 439 and 440:
414 | Thermodynamicsfull load, and
Page 441 and 442:
416 | Thermodynamics7-174 Consider
Page 443 and 444:
418 | Thermodynamicsare 104°C and
Page 445 and 446:
420 | Thermodynamicswater pipe heat
Page 447 and 448:
422 | Thermodynamicsisentropic effi
Page 449 and 450:
424 | ThermodynamicsAIR25°C101 kPa
Page 451 and 452:
426 | Thermodynamicsm⋅⋅W max =
Page 453 and 454:
428 | ThermodynamicsAtmosphericairP
Page 455 and 456:
430 | ThermodynamicsIRON200°C27°C
Page 457 and 458:
432 | Thermodynamicsof heat to the
Page 459 and 460:
434 | ThermodynamicsFor a heat engi
Page 461 and 462:
436 | Thermodynamicswhen the direct
Page 463 and 464:
438 | ThermodynamicsEnergy:Exergy:e
Page 465 and 466:
440 | ThermodynamicsThe properties
Page 467 and 468:
442 | ThermodynamicsHeattransferEnt
Page 469 and 470:
444 | ThermodynamicsThis equation c
Page 471 and 472:
446 | ThermodynamicsOutersurroundin
Page 473 and 474:
448 | ThermodynamicsBrick27°Cwall0
Page 475 and 476:
450 | ThermodynamicsThat is, if the
Page 477 and 478:
452 | Thermodynamics(b) The reversi
Page 479 and 480:
454 | Thermodynamics(a) Noting that
Page 481 and 482:
456 | ThermodynamicsThe useful work
Page 483 and 484:
458 | ThermodynamicsWX workm ic iSu
Page 485 and 486:
460 | Thermodynamicscold stream, pr
Page 487 and 488:
462 | Thermodynamics(c) The second-
Page 489 and 490:
464 | ThermodynamicsAssumptions 1 A
Page 491 and 492:
466 | Thermodynamics“Now I’m in
Page 493 and 494:
468 | ThermodynamicsI have only jus
Page 495 and 496:
470 | ThermodynamicsExergytransferb
Page 497 and 498:
472 | Thermodynamics8-21 How much o
Page 499 and 500:
474 | Thermodynamicsactivated to st
Page 501 and 502:
476 | Thermodynamics8-66E Refrigera
Page 503 and 504:
478 | Thermodynamics8-87 Ambient ai
Page 505 and 506:
480 | Thermodynamicsof the inner an
Page 507 and 508:
482 | Thermodynamicssteam. Neglecti
Page 509 and 510:
484 | Thermodynamics8-137 An adiaba
Page 512 and 513:
Chapter 9GAS POWER CYCLESTwo import
Page 514 and 515:
Chapter 9 | 489FIGURE 9-4An automot
Page 516 and 517:
Isothermalcompressorq out43Isentrop
Page 518 and 519:
oom temperature (25°C, or 77°F).
Page 520 and 521:
Initially, both the intake and the
Page 522 and 523:
and the specific heat ratio. This i
Page 524 and 525:
Chapter 9 | 499P 3 v 3T 3 P 2v 2T 2
Page 526 and 527:
We now define a new quantity, the c
Page 528 and 529:
Chapter 9 | 503Process 2-3 is a con
Page 530 and 531:
or any kind of porous plug with a h
Page 532 and 533:
have long been of only theoretical
Page 534 and 535:
wherer p P 0.72(9-18)P 1 0.6Chapte
Page 536 and 537:
2. Increasing the efficiencies of t
Page 538 and 539:
h C w s h 4a2s h 1(9-19)2a4sw a h
Page 540 and 541:
q regen,act h 5 h 2 (9-21)Chapter
Page 542 and 543:
Chapter 9 | 517Discussion Note that
Page 544 and 545:
If the number of compression and ex
Page 546 and 547:
tion on the thermal efficiency is a
Page 548 and 549:
emaining part of the energy release
Page 550 and 551:
Discussion For those who are wonder
Page 552 and 553:
Chapter 9 | 527Fuel nozzles or spra
Page 554 and 555:
Chapter 9 | 529EXAMPLE 9-10Second-L
Page 556 and 557:
Chapter 9 | 531use per vehicle in t
Page 558 and 559:
Chapter 9 | 533Park in the GarageTh
Page 560 and 561:
Chapter 9 | 535acceleration. Using
Page 562 and 563:
Chapter 9 | 537pistons, and prevent
Page 564 and 565:
Chapter 9 | 539PROBLEMS*Actual and
Page 566 and 567:
modeled as polytropic with a polytr
Page 568 and 569:
9-84 A gas-turbine power plant oper
Page 570 and 571:
9-111 Repeat Problem 9-110 using ar
Page 572 and 573:
9-137 Repeat Problem 9-136 using co
Page 574 and 575:
maximum? At what pressure ratio doe
Page 576 and 577:
Chapter 10VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER
Page 578 and 579:
This problem could be eliminated by
Page 580:
or,wherew pump,in v 1P 2 P 1 2h 1
Page 583 and 584:
558 | ThermodynamicsTIDEAL CYCLETIr
Page 585 and 586:
560 | ThermodynamicsTurbine work ou
Page 587 and 588:
562 | ThermodynamicsT21Criticalpoin
Page 589 and 590:
564 | ThermodynamicsTherefore, the
Page 591 and 592:
566 | ThermodynamicsTThe reheat cyc
Page 593 and 594:
568 | ThermodynamicsandOpen Feedwat
Page 595 and 596:
570 | Thermodynamicswherey m # 6>m
Page 597 and 598:
572 | ThermodynamicsSome steam leav
Page 599 and 600:
574 | ThermodynamicsDiscussion This
Page 601 and 602:
576 | ThermodynamicsThus,andq in 1
Page 603 and 604:
578 | ThermodynamicsTherefore, the
Page 605 and 606:
580 | Thermodynamics3BoilerExpansio
Page 607 and 608:
582 | Thermodynamicscycle and thus
Page 609 and 610:
584 | Thermodynamicsin Fig. 10-24.
Page 611 and 612:
586 | ThermodynamicsSteam cycle:(a)
Page 613 and 614:
588 | ThermodynamicsT2 3BoilerMercu
Page 615 and 616:
590 | ThermodynamicsPROBLEMS*Carnot
Page 617 and 618:
592 | Thermodynamics410 kPa. Isobut
Page 619 and 620:
594 | ThermodynamicsRegenerative Ra
Page 621 and 622:
596 | Thermodynamics10-58 Reconside
Page 623 and 624:
598 | ThermodynamicsCombined Gas-Va
Page 625 and 626:
600 | Thermodynamics120 MW. Steam e
Page 627 and 628:
602 | Thermodynamicsvaried from 0.5
Page 629 and 630:
604 | Thermodynamicsan engineering
Page 632 and 633:
Chapter 11REFRIGERATION CYCLESAmajo
Page 634 and 635:
1 ton. One ton of refrigeration is
Page 636 and 637:
Chapter 11 | 611WARMenvironmentT3Q
Page 638 and 639:
Chapter 11 | 613EXAMPLE 11-1The Ide
Page 640 and 641:
the evaporator to the compressor is
Page 642 and 643:
choice of refrigerant depends on th
Page 644 and 645:
ator coils is highly undesirable si
Page 646 and 647:
Chapter 11 | 621WARMenvironment7Q H
Page 648 and 649:
Chapter 11 | 623 10.05 kg>s231270.9
Page 650 and 651:
Chapter 11 | 625T4h 4 = 274.48 kJ/k
Page 652 and 653:
At temperatures above the critical-
Page 654 and 655:
All the processes described are int
Page 656 and 657:
Chapter 11 | 631(a) The maximum and
Page 658 and 659:
hot NH 3 H 2 O solution, which is
Page 660 and 661:
Chapter 11 | 635this manner form a
Page 662 and 663:
Very low temperatures can be achiev
Page 664 and 665:
space and the power input to the co
Page 666 and 667:
Each stage operates on the ideal va
Page 668 and 669:
5·Q L6Heatexch.Regenerator 3 Heate
Page 670 and 671:
0.14 MPa. The working fluid is refr
Page 672 and 673:
Consider a vortex tube that receive
Page 674:
Chapter 11 | 649do calculations to
Page 677 and 678:
652 | Thermodynamicsf(x)(x+∆ x)f(
Page 679 and 680:
654 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 12-2Tot
Page 681 and 682:
656 | ThermodynamicsFunction: z + 2
Page 683 and 684:
658 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 12-4Ver
Page 685 and 686:
660 | Thermodynamicswhere, from Tab
Page 687 and 688:
662 | ThermodynamicsNow we choose t
Page 689 and 690:
664 | ThermodynamicsSpecific Heats
Page 691 and 692:
666 | ThermodynamicsAnalysis The ch
Page 693 and 694:
668 | Thermodynamics>T 1 = 20°C T
Page 695 and 696:
670 | ThermodynamicsTT 2Actualproce
Page 697 and 698:
672 | Thermodynamicsfinally along t
Page 699 and 700:
674 | ThermodynamicsandThen the ent
Page 701 and 702:
676 | Thermodynamics12-3C Consider
Page 703 and 704:
678 | Thermodynamics12-63 Propane i
Page 705 and 706:
680 | Thermodynamics(a) proportiona
Page 707 and 708:
682 | ThermodynamicsH 26 kg+O 232 k
Page 709 and 710:
684 | ThermodynamicsorAlso,M m a y
Page 711 and 712:
686 | ThermodynamicsP m V m = Z m N
Page 713 and 714:
688 | Thermodynamics(c) When Amagat
Page 715 and 716:
690 | ThermodynamicsSimilarly, the
Page 717 and 718:
692 | ThermodynamicsandV O2 a NR uT
Page 719 and 720:
694 | Thermodynamicsorwhich yieldsa
Page 721 and 722:
696 | ThermodynamicsAlso,h m1 ,idea
Page 723 and 724:
698 | ThermodynamicsMixture:i h i,m
Page 725 and 726:
700 | Thermodynamicsof the pure com
Page 727 and 728:
702 | Thermodynamicsentropy generat
Page 729 and 730:
704 | Thermodynamicsthe second-law
Page 731 and 732:
706 | Thermodynamicswater from the
Page 733 and 734:
708 | ThermodynamicsSUMMARYA mixtur
Page 735 and 736:
710 | Thermodynamics13-21C How is t
Page 737 and 738:
712 | ThermodynamicsThe mixture ent
Page 739 and 740:
714 | Thermodynamics13-84 A rigid t
Page 742 and 743:
Chapter 14GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES AND AI
Page 744 and 745:
elow 50°C. Therefore, the enthalpy
Page 746 and 747:
Chapter 14 | 721Analysis (a) The pa
Page 748 and 749:
Chapter 14 | 723starts condensing.
Page 750 and 751:
on this principle is called a sling
Page 752 and 753:
Chapter 14 | 727EXAMPLE 14-4The Use
Page 754 and 755:
the environment is close to 100 per
Page 756 and 757:
Heating with HumidificationProblems
Page 758 and 759:
The cooling process with dehumidify
Page 760 and 761:
Chapter 14 | 735EXAMPLE 14-7Evapora
Page 762 and 763:
Chapter 14 | 737Analysis We take th
Page 764 and 765:
Chapter 14 | 739Properties The enth
Page 766 and 767:
Chapter 14 | 741REFERENCES AND SUGG
Page 768 and 769:
14-47 Reconsider Prob. 14-46. Deter
Page 770 and 771:
equired results. Plot the required
Page 772 and 773:
WARMWATER60 kg/s40°CAIRINLET1 atmT
Page 774 and 775:
AIRCooling coilsCondensateFIGURE P1
Page 776 and 777:
Chapter 15CHEMICAL REACTIONSIn the
Page 778 and 779:
Chapter 15 | 753TABLE 15-1A compari
Page 780 and 781:
not required.) However, notice that
Page 782 and 783:
In actual combustion processes, it
Page 784 and 785:
Chapter 15 | 759Assumptions 1 The f
Page 786 and 787:
Chapter 15 | 761The combustion equa
Page 788 and 789:
ing which chemical energy is releas
Page 790 and 791:
C 8 H 18 a th 1O 2 3.76N 2 2 S 8C
Page 792 and 793:
Q out a N r 1h° f h h°2 r1555
Page 794 and 795:
Chapter 15 | 769The h - f ° of liq
Page 796 and 797:
H prod H react (15-16)Chapter 15 |
Page 798 and 799:
Chapter 15 | 773which is lower than
Page 800 and 801:
If a gas mixture is at a relatively
Page 802 and 803:
Chapter 15 | 777EXAMPLE 15-10Second
Page 804 and 805:
Chapter 15 | 779(a) the heat transf
Page 806 and 807:
Chapter 15 | 781cal reactions, the
Page 808 and 809:
Chapter 15 | 783In the absence of a
Page 810 and 811:
15-42 Determine the enthalpy of com
Page 812 and 813:
Chapter 15 | 78715-65E A constant-v
Page 814 and 815:
air used, and (c) the volume flow r
Page 816 and 817:
where C is a constant whose value d
Page 818 and 819:
Chapter 16CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILI
Page 820 and 821:
The differential of the Gibbs funct
Page 822 and 823:
where g - * (T) represents the Gibb
Page 824 and 825:
Chapter 16 | 799Analysis This is a
Page 826 and 827:
moles of the reactants and increase
Page 828 and 829:
Chapter 16 | 803EXAMPLE 16-4Effect
Page 830 and 831:
Chapter 16 | 805EXAMPLE 16-5Equilib
Page 832 and 833:
calculating the h of a reaction fro
Page 834 and 835:
What happens if g f g g ? Obviousl
Page 836 and 837:
two sides of a water-air interface
Page 838 and 839:
where is the solubility. Expressin
Page 840 and 841:
Chapter 16 | 815EXAMPLE 16-11Compos
Page 842 and 843:
Chapter 16 | 817PROBLEMS*K P and th
Page 844 and 845:
Simultaneous Reactions16-38C What i
Page 846 and 847:
16-83 A constant-volume tank contai
Page 848 and 849:
Chapter 17COMPRESSIBLE FLOWFor the
Page 850 and 851:
stagnation pressure, stagnation den
Page 852 and 853:
Chapter 17 | 827Disregarding potent
Page 854 and 855:
at constant velocity in still air m
Page 856 and 857:
Chapter 17 | 831TABLE 17-1Variation
Page 858 and 859:
increase as the flow area of the du
Page 860 and 861:
The ratio of the stagnation to stat
Page 862 and 863:
Now we begin to reduce the back pre
Page 864 and 865:
Another parameter sometimes used in
Page 866 and 867:
Chapter 17 | 841Solution Nitrogen g
Page 868 and 869:
Chapter 17 | 843P 0V i ≅ 0ThroatP
Page 870 and 871:
Chapter 17 | 845(b) Since the flow
Page 872 and 873:
The conservation of energy principl
Page 874 and 875:
Chapter 17 | 849FIGURE 17-33Schlier
Page 876 and 877:
Chapter 17 | 851The fluid propertie
Page 878 and 879:
1 V 1,n A r 2 V 2,n A S r 1 V 1,n
Page 880 and 881:
u, degrees504030201010 5Ma → 1 32
Page 882 and 883:
where we must be careful to measure
Page 884 and 885:
Chapter 17 | 859Analysis Because of
Page 886 and 887:
1 V 1 r 2 V 2 (17-50)Chapter 17 |
Page 888 and 889:
except for the narrow Mach number r
Page 890 and 891:
Chapter 17 | 865Therefore, sonic co
Page 892 and 893:
Also,P 0 P 0 P P* a 1 k 1 k>1k12M
Page 894 and 895:
Chapter 17 | 869The maximum value o
Page 896 and 897:
Analysis We denote the entrance, th
Page 898 and 899:
Nozzles whose flow area decreases i
Page 900 and 901:
17-24E Steam flows through a device
Page 902 and 903:
17-77C Are the isentropic relations
Page 904 and 905:
17-115E Steam enters a converging n
Page 906:
17-154 Air is flowing in a wind tun
show all

Thermodynamics

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?