Thermodynamics

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Appendix 2Property Tables and Charts (English Units)Table A-1E Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point propertiesTable A-2E Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gasesTable A-3E Properties of common liquids, solids, and foodsTable A-4E Saturated water—Temperature tableTable A-5E Saturated water—Pressure tableTable A-6E Superheated waterTable A-7E Compressed liquid waterTable A-8E Saturated ice—water vaporFigure A-9E T-s diagram for waterFigure A-10E Mollier diagram for waterTable A-11E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature tableTable A-12E Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure tableTable A-13E Superheated refrigerant-134aFigure A-14E P-h diagram for refrigerant-134aTable A-15ETable A-16E Properties of the atomosphere at high altitudeTable A-17E Ideal-gas properties of air
Table A-18E Ideal-gas properties of nitrogen, N 2Table A-19E Ideal-gas properties of oxygen, O 2Table A-20E Ideal-gas properties of carbon dioxide, CO 2Table A-21E Ideal-gas properties of carbon monoxide, COTable A-22E Ideal-gas properties of hydrogen, H 2Table A-23E Ideal-gas properties of water vapor, H 2 OTable A-24ETable A-25ETable A-26E Enthalpy of formation, Gibbs function of formation, andabsolute entropy at 77°C, 1 atmTable A-27E Properties of some common fuels and hydrocarbonsFigure A-31E Psycrometric chart at 1 atm total pressure
Page 2: Chapter 1Introduction and Basic Con
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Page 7 and 8: 7-2 The Increase of Entropy Princip
Page 9 and 10: Development of Gas TurbinesDeviatio
Page 11 and 12: ProblemsChapter 13Gas Mixtures13-1
Page 13: 17-1 Stagnation Properties17-2 Spee
Page 18 and 19: PREFACEBACKGROUNDThermodynamics is
Page 20 and 21: Preface | xixcoverage of oblique sh
Page 22 and 23: starts with the simplest case and a
Page 24 and 25: A CHOICE OF SI ALONE OR SI/ENGLISH
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 1INTRODUCTION AND BASIC CON
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1-23C What is a steady-flow process
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60 NP atm = 95 kPam P = 4 kgChapter
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unknown density is poured into one
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1-96 The average temperature of the
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Chapter 1 | 491-112E Consider a U-t
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Chapter 2ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, A
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Now if asked to name the energy tra
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Some Physical Insight to Internal E
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uranium-235 atom absorbs a neutron
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gz b E # mech m # e mech m # a P
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A process during which there is no
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Heat and work are directional quant
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Chapter 2 | 65Solution A well-insul
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EXAMPLE 2-7Power Transmission by th
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EXAMPLE 2-8Power Needs of a Car to
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erty is the total energy. Note that
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Chapter 2 | 73of a system during a
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E in E out ¢E systemChapter 2
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Chapter 2 | 777 cents per kWh, dete
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all resistance heaters is 100 perce
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the food to the energy consumed by
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converted entirely from one mechani
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Chapter 2 | 85Then the rate at whic
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usually grouped as hydrocarbons (HC
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Chapter 2 | 89a certain amount of a
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mechanical energy, and thus electri
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Chapter 2 | 93In solids, heat condu
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Chapter 2 | 95In general, both e an
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The energy flow rate associated wit
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2-23C What is the caloric theory? W
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this escalator. What would your ans
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espectively. If the pressure rise o
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700 W/m 2 and the surrounding air t
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The water flow rate through the pum
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2-141 The roof of an electrically h
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166 | ThermodynamicsThe movingbound
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168 | Thermodynamicscompression pro
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170 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 4-3Isot
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172 | Thermodynamicsthe gas, and (c
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174 | ThermodynamicsGeneral Q - W =
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176 | ThermodynamicsUse actual data
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178 | ThermodynamicsVacuumP = 0W =
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180 | ThermodynamicsAIRm = 1 kg300
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182 | ThermodynamicsAIRT, Ku, kJ/kg
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184 | ThermodynamicsAIR at 300 Kc v
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186 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 4-9Heat
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188 | ThermodynamicsP, kPa35023AIRF
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190 | ThermodynamicsFor solids, the
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⎫ ⎪⎬⎪⎭⎫⎪⎬⎪⎭192
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194 | ThermodynamicsA 300-Wrefriger
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196 | Thermodynamicsdays.) Although
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198 | ThermodynamicsTABLE 4-3The ra
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200 | ThermodynamicsSolution A pers
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202 | Thermodynamics4-7 A piston-cy
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204 | Thermodynamics4-30 A well-ins
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206 | Thermodynamics(Table A-2b), a
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208 | Thermodynamicsa rate of 100 b
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210 | Thermodynamicsof carbohydrate
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212 | ThermodynamicsQHePV n = const
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214 | Thermodynamicsthe entire air
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216 | Thermodynamics4-149 The speci
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218 | Thermodynamicsduring vacuum c
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220 | Thermodynamics2 kgH 216 kgO 2
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222 | Thermodynamicsm in = 50 kgWat
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224 | ThermodynamicsIt states that
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226 | Thermodynamicswhere A jet pD
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228 | ThermodynamicsThe fluid enter
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230 | ThermodynamicsFIGURE 5-17Many
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232 | ThermodynamicsCVW˙eW˙shFIGU
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234 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 5-4Dece
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236 | ThermodynamicsDividing by the
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238 | ThermodynamicsAnalysis We tak
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240 | Thermodynamicsu 1 = 94.79 kJ/
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242 | Thermodynamics50°CFluid B70
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244 | ThermodynamicsR-134a. .Qw,in
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246 | ThermodynamicsSubstituting th
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248 | Thermodynamicsone of these wi
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250 | Thermodynamicssince the initi
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252 | ThermodynamicsThus,andv 2 0.
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254 | Thermodynamicsenergy per unit
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256 | Thermodynamicsunsteady-flow p
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258 | Thermodynamics5-15 Air enters
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260 | ThermodynamicsTurbines and Co
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262 | Thermodynamicsby the incoming
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264 | Thermodynamicsthe furnace. Ai
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266 | Thermodynamicsmass flow rate
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268 | Thermodynamicstank exists in
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270 | Thermodynamicsis allowed to e
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272 | Thermodynamicsfind the simple
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274 | Thermodynamicsenters the buil
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276 | Thermodynamicsopened, and air
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278 | Thermodynamics5-212 Refrigera
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280 | ThermodynamicsHOTCOFFEEHeatFI
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282 | ThermodynamicsWATERWorkFIGURE
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284 | ThermodynamicsorIt can also b
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286 | Thermodynamicsthe cycle, even
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288 | ThermodynamicsSurrounding med
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290 | ThermodynamicsFIGURE 6-23When
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292 | Thermodynamicsheat to the hou
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294 | ThermodynamicsSystem boundary
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296 | ThermodynamicsINTERACTIVETUTO
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298 | Thermodynamics20°CHeat5°C20
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300 | ThermodynamicsEnergysourceat
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302 | Thermodynamics1Irrev.HEHigh-t
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304 | Thermodynamicshave the same e
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306 | ThermodynamicsHigh-temperatur
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308 | ThermodynamicsQuantity versus
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310 | ThermodynamicsWarm environmen
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312 | ThermodynamicsTABLE 6-1Typica
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314 | ThermodynamicsCoolairWarmairR
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316 | Thermodynamicswhere W net,out
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318 | Thermodynamicsbetween the tem
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320 | Thermodynamics·120 kPax = 0.
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322 | ThermodynamicsIf the air surr
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324 | ThermodynamicsSpecial Topic:
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326 | Thermodynamics°F temperature
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328 | Thermodynamics$800 more to in
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330 | ThermodynamicsIf heat is supp
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332 | ThermodynamicsReversiblecycli
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334 | ThermodynamicsT∆S = S 2 - S
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336 | ThermodynamicsProcess 1-2(rev
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338 | ThermodynamicsSurroundings∆
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T340 | ThermodynamicsP 1 s 1 ≅ sT
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342 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 7-4Entr
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344 | ThermodynamicsThe power outpu
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346 | ThermodynamicsTT HT L4A1 2W n
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348 | ThermodynamicsW shHOT BODY80
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350 | Thermodynamicsis highly irrev
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352 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 7-7Effe
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354 | ThermodynamicsThen the power
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356 | ThermodynamicsandT 2 P 2s 2
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358 | ThermodynamicsIsentropic Proc
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360 | ThermodynamicsThe quantity T/
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362 | ThermodynamicsT, RT 2 = 780 R
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364 | ThermodynamicsIn gas power pl
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366 | ThermodynamicsP 1 , T 1TURBIN
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368 | ThermodynamicsPP 22Work saved
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370 | ThermodynamicsThe compressor
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372 | ThermodynamicsT,°CP 1 = 3 MP
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374 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 7-15Eff
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376 | ThermodynamicsT, KP 1 = 200 k
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378 | ThermodynamicsEntropy Change
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380 | ThermodynamicsS inMassHeatSys
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382 | Thermodynamicsor, in the rate
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384 | ThermodynamicsT,°C4501Thrott
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386 | Thermodynamics(c) The entropy
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388 | ThermodynamicsSubstituting, t
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390 | Thermodynamicsat 100°C while
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392 | ThermodynamicsCompressor: 125
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394 | ThermodynamicsThen the mass f
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396 | ThermodynamicsW electricMotor
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398 | ThermodynamicsOutsideairWallA
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400 | Thermodynamicsambient in a li
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402 | ThermodynamicsPROBLEMS*Entrop
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404 | Thermodynamicsthis problem. L
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406 | Thermodynamics7-62C Starting
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408 | Thermodynamics7-91 Liquid wat
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410 | Thermodynamicstemperature of
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412 | Thermodynamics7-136E In a pro
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414 | Thermodynamicsfull load, and
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416 | Thermodynamics7-174 Consider
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418 | Thermodynamicsare 104°C and
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420 | Thermodynamicswater pipe heat
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422 | Thermodynamicsisentropic effi
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424 | ThermodynamicsAIR25°C101 kPa
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426 | Thermodynamicsm⋅⋅W max =
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428 | ThermodynamicsAtmosphericairP
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430 | ThermodynamicsIRON200°C27°C
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432 | Thermodynamicsof heat to the
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434 | ThermodynamicsFor a heat engi
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436 | Thermodynamicswhen the direct
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438 | ThermodynamicsEnergy:Exergy:e
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440 | ThermodynamicsThe properties
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442 | ThermodynamicsHeattransferEnt
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444 | ThermodynamicsThis equation c
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446 | ThermodynamicsOutersurroundin
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448 | ThermodynamicsBrick27°Cwall0
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450 | ThermodynamicsThat is, if the
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452 | Thermodynamics(b) The reversi
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454 | Thermodynamics(a) Noting that
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456 | ThermodynamicsThe useful work
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458 | ThermodynamicsWX workm ic iSu
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460 | Thermodynamicscold stream, pr
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462 | Thermodynamics(c) The second-
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464 | ThermodynamicsAssumptions 1 A
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466 | Thermodynamics“Now I’m in
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468 | ThermodynamicsI have only jus
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470 | ThermodynamicsExergytransferb
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472 | Thermodynamics8-21 How much o
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474 | Thermodynamicsactivated to st
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476 | Thermodynamics8-66E Refrigera
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478 | Thermodynamics8-87 Ambient ai
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480 | Thermodynamicsof the inner an
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482 | Thermodynamicssteam. Neglecti
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484 | Thermodynamics8-137 An adiaba
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Chapter 9GAS POWER CYCLESTwo import
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Chapter 9 | 489FIGURE 9-4An automot
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Isothermalcompressorq out43Isentrop
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oom temperature (25°C, or 77°F).
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Initially, both the intake and the
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and the specific heat ratio. This i
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Chapter 9 | 499P 3 v 3T 3 P 2v 2T 2
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We now define a new quantity, the c
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Chapter 9 | 503Process 2-3 is a con
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or any kind of porous plug with a h
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have long been of only theoretical
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wherer p P 0.72(9-18)P 1 0.6Chapte
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2. Increasing the efficiencies of t
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h C w s h 4a2s h 1(9-19)2a4sw a h
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q regen,act h 5 h 2 (9-21)Chapter
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Chapter 9 | 517Discussion Note that
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If the number of compression and ex
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tion on the thermal efficiency is a
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emaining part of the energy release
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Discussion For those who are wonder
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Chapter 9 | 527Fuel nozzles or spra
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Chapter 9 | 529EXAMPLE 9-10Second-L
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Chapter 9 | 531use per vehicle in t
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Chapter 9 | 533Park in the GarageTh
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Chapter 9 | 535acceleration. Using
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Chapter 9 | 537pistons, and prevent
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Chapter 9 | 539PROBLEMS*Actual and
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modeled as polytropic with a polytr
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9-84 A gas-turbine power plant oper
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9-111 Repeat Problem 9-110 using ar
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9-137 Repeat Problem 9-136 using co
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maximum? At what pressure ratio doe
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Chapter 10VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER
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This problem could be eliminated by
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or,wherew pump,in v 1P 2 P 1 2h 1
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558 | ThermodynamicsTIDEAL CYCLETIr
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560 | ThermodynamicsTurbine work ou
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562 | ThermodynamicsT21Criticalpoin
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564 | ThermodynamicsTherefore, the
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566 | ThermodynamicsTThe reheat cyc
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568 | ThermodynamicsandOpen Feedwat
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570 | Thermodynamicswherey m # 6>m
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572 | ThermodynamicsSome steam leav
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574 | ThermodynamicsDiscussion This
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576 | ThermodynamicsThus,andq in 1
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578 | ThermodynamicsTherefore, the
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580 | Thermodynamics3BoilerExpansio
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582 | Thermodynamicscycle and thus
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584 | Thermodynamicsin Fig. 10-24.
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586 | ThermodynamicsSteam cycle:(a)
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588 | ThermodynamicsT2 3BoilerMercu
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590 | ThermodynamicsPROBLEMS*Carnot
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592 | Thermodynamics410 kPa. Isobut
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594 | ThermodynamicsRegenerative Ra
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596 | Thermodynamics10-58 Reconside
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598 | ThermodynamicsCombined Gas-Va
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600 | Thermodynamics120 MW. Steam e
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602 | Thermodynamicsvaried from 0.5
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604 | Thermodynamicsan engineering
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Chapter 11REFRIGERATION CYCLESAmajo
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1 ton. One ton of refrigeration is
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Chapter 11 | 611WARMenvironmentT3Q
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Chapter 11 | 613EXAMPLE 11-1The Ide
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the evaporator to the compressor is
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choice of refrigerant depends on th
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ator coils is highly undesirable si
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Chapter 11 | 621WARMenvironment7Q H
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Chapter 11 | 623 10.05 kg>s231270.9
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Chapter 11 | 625T4h 4 = 274.48 kJ/k
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At temperatures above the critical-
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All the processes described are int
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Chapter 11 | 631(a) The maximum and
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hot NH 3 H 2 O solution, which is
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Chapter 11 | 635this manner form a
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Very low temperatures can be achiev
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space and the power input to the co
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Each stage operates on the ideal va
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5·Q L6Heatexch.Regenerator 3 Heate
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0.14 MPa. The working fluid is refr
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Consider a vortex tube that receive
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Chapter 11 | 649do calculations to
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652 | Thermodynamicsf(x)(x+∆ x)f(
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654 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 12-2Tot
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656 | ThermodynamicsFunction: z + 2
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658 | ThermodynamicsEXAMPLE 12-4Ver
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660 | Thermodynamicswhere, from Tab
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662 | ThermodynamicsNow we choose t
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664 | ThermodynamicsSpecific Heats
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666 | ThermodynamicsAnalysis The ch
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668 | Thermodynamics>T 1 = 20°C T
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670 | ThermodynamicsTT 2Actualproce
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672 | Thermodynamicsfinally along t
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674 | ThermodynamicsandThen the ent
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676 | Thermodynamics12-3C Consider
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678 | Thermodynamics12-63 Propane i
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680 | Thermodynamics(a) proportiona
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682 | ThermodynamicsH 26 kg+O 232 k
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684 | ThermodynamicsorAlso,M m a y
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686 | ThermodynamicsP m V m = Z m N
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688 | Thermodynamics(c) When Amagat
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690 | ThermodynamicsSimilarly, the
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692 | ThermodynamicsandV O2 a NR uT
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694 | Thermodynamicsorwhich yieldsa
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696 | ThermodynamicsAlso,h m1 ,idea
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698 | ThermodynamicsMixture:i h i,m
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700 | Thermodynamicsof the pure com
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702 | Thermodynamicsentropy generat
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704 | Thermodynamicsthe second-law
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706 | Thermodynamicswater from the
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708 | ThermodynamicsSUMMARYA mixtur
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710 | Thermodynamics13-21C How is t
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712 | ThermodynamicsThe mixture ent
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714 | Thermodynamics13-84 A rigid t
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Chapter 14GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES AND AI
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elow 50°C. Therefore, the enthalpy
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Chapter 14 | 721Analysis (a) The pa
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Chapter 14 | 723starts condensing.
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on this principle is called a sling
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Chapter 14 | 727EXAMPLE 14-4The Use
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the environment is close to 100 per
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Heating with HumidificationProblems
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The cooling process with dehumidify
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Chapter 14 | 735EXAMPLE 14-7Evapora
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Chapter 14 | 737Analysis We take th
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Chapter 14 | 739Properties The enth
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Chapter 14 | 741REFERENCES AND SUGG
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14-47 Reconsider Prob. 14-46. Deter
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equired results. Plot the required
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WARMWATER60 kg/s40°CAIRINLET1 atmT
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AIRCooling coilsCondensateFIGURE P1
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Chapter 15CHEMICAL REACTIONSIn the
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Chapter 15 | 753TABLE 15-1A compari
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not required.) However, notice that
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In actual combustion processes, it
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Chapter 15 | 759Assumptions 1 The f
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Chapter 15 | 761The combustion equa
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ing which chemical energy is releas
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C 8 H 18 a th 1O 2 3.76N 2 2 S 8C
Page 792 and 793:
Q out a N r 1h° f h h°2 r1555
Page 794 and 795:
Chapter 15 | 769The h - f ° of liq
Page 796 and 797:
H prod H react (15-16)Chapter 15 |
Page 798 and 799:
Chapter 15 | 773which is lower than
Page 800 and 801:
If a gas mixture is at a relatively
Page 802 and 803:
Chapter 15 | 777EXAMPLE 15-10Second
Page 804 and 805:
Chapter 15 | 779(a) the heat transf
Page 806 and 807:
Chapter 15 | 781cal reactions, the
Page 808 and 809:
Chapter 15 | 783In the absence of a
Page 810 and 811:
15-42 Determine the enthalpy of com
Page 812 and 813:
Chapter 15 | 78715-65E A constant-v
Page 814 and 815:
air used, and (c) the volume flow r
Page 816 and 817:
where C is a constant whose value d
Page 818 and 819:
Chapter 16CHEMICAL AND PHASE EQUILI
Page 820 and 821:
The differential of the Gibbs funct
Page 822 and 823:
where g - * (T) represents the Gibb
Page 824 and 825:
Chapter 16 | 799Analysis This is a
Page 826 and 827:
moles of the reactants and increase
Page 828 and 829:
Chapter 16 | 803EXAMPLE 16-4Effect
Page 830 and 831:
Chapter 16 | 805EXAMPLE 16-5Equilib
Page 832 and 833:
calculating the h of a reaction fro
Page 834 and 835:
What happens if g f g g ? Obviousl
Page 836 and 837:
two sides of a water-air interface
Page 838 and 839:
where is the solubility. Expressin
Page 840 and 841:
Chapter 16 | 815EXAMPLE 16-11Compos
Page 842 and 843:
Chapter 16 | 817PROBLEMS*K P and th
Page 844 and 845:
Simultaneous Reactions16-38C What i
Page 846 and 847:
16-83 A constant-volume tank contai
Page 848 and 849:
Chapter 17COMPRESSIBLE FLOWFor the
Page 850 and 851:
stagnation pressure, stagnation den
Page 852 and 853:
Chapter 17 | 827Disregarding potent
Page 854 and 855:
at constant velocity in still air m
Page 856 and 857:
Chapter 17 | 831TABLE 17-1Variation
Page 858 and 859:
increase as the flow area of the du
Page 860 and 861:
The ratio of the stagnation to stat
Page 862 and 863:
Now we begin to reduce the back pre
Page 864 and 865:
Another parameter sometimes used in
Page 866 and 867:
Chapter 17 | 841Solution Nitrogen g
Page 868 and 869:
Chapter 17 | 843P 0V i ≅ 0ThroatP
Page 870 and 871:
Chapter 17 | 845(b) Since the flow
Page 872 and 873:
The conservation of energy principl
Page 874 and 875:
Chapter 17 | 849FIGURE 17-33Schlier
Page 876 and 877:
Chapter 17 | 851The fluid propertie
Page 878 and 879:
1 V 1,n A r 2 V 2,n A S r 1 V 1,n
Page 880 and 881:
u, degrees504030201010 5Ma → 1 32
Page 882 and 883:
where we must be careful to measure
Page 884 and 885:
Chapter 17 | 859Analysis Because of
Page 886 and 887:
1 V 1 r 2 V 2 (17-50)Chapter 17 |
Page 888 and 889:
except for the narrow Mach number r
Page 890 and 891:
Chapter 17 | 865Therefore, sonic co
Page 892 and 893:
Also,P 0 P 0 P P* a 1 k 1 k>1k12M
Page 894 and 895:
Chapter 17 | 869The maximum value o
Page 896 and 897:
Analysis We denote the entrance, th
Page 898 and 899:
Nozzles whose flow area decreases i
Page 900 and 901:
17-24E Steam flows through a device
Page 902 and 903:
17-77C Are the isentropic relations
Page 904 and 905:
17-115E Steam enters a converging n
Page 906:
17-154 Air is flowing in a wind tun
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Thermodynamics

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