96Davis <strong>and</strong> Threlfallhusb<strong>and</strong>ry practices, management <strong>of</strong> which is justcommencing in earnest in parts <strong>of</strong> the country.New Zeal<strong>and</strong> faces the challenge <strong>of</strong> restoring waterquality <strong>and</strong> degraded river <strong>and</strong> estuarine habitatsin locations <strong>of</strong> intense human use such as GreaterAuckl<strong>and</strong>, central North Isl<strong>and</strong>, Canterbury Plains<strong>and</strong> the Otago Region, while also protectingrelatively pristine areas that include the west coast<strong>of</strong> the South Isl<strong>and</strong>. Public <strong>and</strong> private participationis required to adequately address this challenge.For example, a promising private initiative isbeing led by Fonterra, a dairy co-operative grouprepresenting most dairies in New Zeal<strong>and</strong>, aspart <strong>of</strong> the “Clean Streams” initiative. The cooperativehas taken a proactive role, collaboratingwith dairy producers, local government, Ministryfor the Environment, Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture <strong>and</strong>Forestry, <strong>and</strong> researchers to reduce contaminationemanating from dairies (Fonterra Co-operativeGroup et al. 2003).Another challenge in particular areas is waterallocation. Central government has proposedinvestigating further using water consent transfersto improve water use (Ministry for the Environment2006). Concepts like water markets, however,have been met with stiff vocal opposition in somecircles (Turia 2006). Others are addressing howto incorporate environmental flows into rivers withexisting over-allocation <strong>of</strong> water (Otago RegionalCouncil 2006a).Yet another challenge is to streamline provision<strong>of</strong> government services. In Auckl<strong>and</strong> City, sevenborough councils were amalgamated into one cityin 1989, while seven district/city councils still existin the Auckl<strong>and</strong> Region. Currently, eight entitiesprovide water supply, wastewater <strong>and</strong> stormwaterservices to Greater Auckl<strong>and</strong> with a population<strong>of</strong> 1.2 million. Since 2000, discussion exists toamalgamate water services to provide economies<strong>of</strong> scale <strong>and</strong> efficiencies (Auckl<strong>and</strong> <strong>Water</strong> Review2001).Several <strong>of</strong> these issues are recognized bycentral government. Government reform <strong>and</strong>amalgamation are tied up with politics, which iscurrently highly contentious due to the coalition <strong>of</strong>the controlling party with minority parties to form aviable government. Action is therefore unlikely inthe near term. On the other h<strong>and</strong>, review by centralgovernment in conjunction with local governmentis currently underway to provide national guidanceto better address water allocation <strong>and</strong> sustainablewater practices as part <strong>of</strong> the “Sustainable <strong>Water</strong>Program <strong>of</strong> Action.” A series <strong>of</strong> policy statementsare expected from the first half <strong>of</strong> 2007, initiallyaddressing water allocation. As stated at the outset<strong>of</strong> this section, strong enabling legislation basedon sustainability concepts <strong>and</strong> governance basedon catchments already exist, providing a solidframework for IWRM. Publication <strong>of</strong> nationalwater policy statements <strong>and</strong> resulting follow upactions at the local government level will determinehow much further IWRM is put into practice, basedon tenets <strong>of</strong> sustainable water use <strong>and</strong> sustainablewater resource systems in New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Author Bios <strong>and</strong> Contact InformationMATTHEW DAVIS is a senior water resource engineer withCAL Engineering Management <strong>of</strong> Auckl<strong>and</strong> City, NewZeal<strong>and</strong>. From 2001-2005, he was the technical manager<strong>of</strong> the NZ$23.5 million Integrated Catchment Study <strong>of</strong>Auckl<strong>and</strong> City. Previously he worked in California <strong>and</strong>Chile on water management <strong>and</strong> environmental impactassessments. He has an M.S. in civil <strong>and</strong> environmentalengineering <strong>and</strong> is currently completing a Ph.D. onintegrated water resource management <strong>and</strong> watersharing in Chile at the University <strong>of</strong> California, Davis.He can be contacted at CAL Engineering Management,73 Almorah Road, Epsom, Auckl<strong>and</strong> City, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>,mddavis67nz@yahoo.co.nz <strong>and</strong> WAI Institute c/o 801Malaga Ave., Davis, California 95616-0146, matthew.davis@waiinstitute.org.JOHN THRELFALL has a Ph.D. in fluvial geomorphologyfrom Southampton University <strong>and</strong> is the Director <strong>of</strong>Environmental Information <strong>and</strong> Science for the OtagoRegional Council, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. Responsibility in thisrole includes co-ordinating <strong>and</strong> interpreting scientificinvestigations <strong>of</strong> water resources in the large, diverse<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong>ten water short Otago region. Previously, heworked for environmental engineering consultanciesin both the United Kingdom <strong>and</strong> New Zeal<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> theenvironmental regulator in the United Kingdom. Healso worked in water research <strong>and</strong> has been a technicalspecialist in overseas projects. He can be contacted atOtago Regional Council, Private Bag 1954, Dunedin,New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. john.threlfall@orc.govt.nz.ReferencesAmerican Society <strong>of</strong> Civil Engineers <strong>and</strong> United Nations<strong>Education</strong>al, Scientific, <strong>and</strong> Cultural Organization.UCOWRJOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY WATER RESEARCH & EDUCATION
IWRM in New Zeal<strong>and</strong>: Legislative Framework <strong>and</strong> Implementation971998. Sustainability Criteria for <strong>Water</strong> ResourcesSystems. American Society <strong>of</strong> Civil Engineers,Reston, Virginia.Auckl<strong>and</strong> City Council. 2006. Auckl<strong>and</strong> City’s LongtermPlan 2006-2016. Auckl<strong>and</strong> City Council,Auckl<strong>and</strong> City, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Auckl<strong>and</strong> Regional Council <strong>and</strong> Local Councils. 2006.Business <strong>and</strong> Economy. The Auckl<strong>and</strong> Region. ’06.Auckl<strong>and</strong> Regional Council, Auckl<strong>and</strong> City, NewZeal<strong>and</strong>.Auckl<strong>and</strong> Regional Council. 1999. Growth: The 50-Year Challenge. Regional Growth Forum Summary.Auckl<strong>and</strong> Regional Council, Auckl<strong>and</strong> City, NewZeal<strong>and</strong>.Auckl<strong>and</strong> Regional Council. 2004. Auckl<strong>and</strong> RegionalPlan: Coastal (Operative). Incorporating Variation1 (Notified 21 June 2002). Auckl<strong>and</strong> RegionalCouncil, Auckl<strong>and</strong> City, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Auckl<strong>and</strong> Regional Council. 2005. Auckl<strong>and</strong> RegionalPlan: Air, L<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Water</strong>. (Notified 23 October2001). Incorporating Variation 1 (Notified 21 June2002). Highlighted to Indicate Provisions Appealed(June 2005). Auckl<strong>and</strong> Regional Council, Auckl<strong>and</strong>City, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Auckl<strong>and</strong> <strong>Water</strong> Review. 2001. Review UpdateJune 2001. Auckl<strong>and</strong> <strong>Water</strong> Review, Auckl<strong>and</strong>City, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. Online at . Accessed 1 January2002.Barlow, C. 1991. Tikanga Whakaaro: Key Concepts inMaori Culture. Oxford University Press, Auckl<strong>and</strong>City, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Berry, S. <strong>and</strong> I. Cowper. 1997. <strong>Water</strong> law. Chapter 7In Environmental & Resource Management Law.Butterworths, Wellington, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Biswas, A. K. 2004. Integrated water resourcesmanagement: A reassessment. <strong>Water</strong> International29(2): 248-256.Bovee, K. D. 1982. A Guide to Stream Habitat AnalysisUsing the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology.United States Fish <strong>and</strong> Wildlife Service BiologicalServices Program FWS/OBS-82/26, Instream FlowInformation Paper 12. United States GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington D.C.Brookfield, F. M. 1999. Waitangi <strong>and</strong> IndigenousRights: Revolution, Law & Legitimation. Auckl<strong>and</strong>University Press, Auckl<strong>and</strong> City, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Burton, L. <strong>and</strong> C. Cocklin. 1996. <strong>Water</strong> resourcemanagement <strong>and</strong> environmental policy reform in NewZeal<strong>and</strong>: Regionalism, allocation, <strong>and</strong> indigenousrelations. Part I. Colorado <strong>Journal</strong> <strong>of</strong> InternationalEnvironmental Law <strong>and</strong> Policy 7(1): 75-106.Deans, N. 2004a. Freshwater values: Duties <strong>and</strong>responsibilities under the RMA. Chapter 7A InHarris, R. (Ed.). H<strong>and</strong>book <strong>of</strong> Environmental Law.Royal Forest <strong>and</strong> Bird Protection Society, Wellington,New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Deans, N. 2004b. <strong>Issue</strong>s relating to water <strong>and</strong> mechanismsfor protecting water-related values. Chapter7B In Harris, R. (Ed.). H<strong>and</strong>book <strong>of</strong> EnvironmentalLaw. Royal Forest <strong>and</strong> Bird Protection Society, Wellington,New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Department <strong>of</strong> Internal Affairs. 2005. Strategyfor Evaluating Local Government Legislation.Department <strong>of</strong> Internal Affairs, Wellington, NewZeal<strong>and</strong>.Fonterra Co-operative Group, Local Government NewZeal<strong>and</strong>, Ministry for the Environment, <strong>and</strong> Ministry<strong>of</strong> Agriculture <strong>and</strong> Forestry. 2003. Dairying <strong>and</strong>Clean Streams Accord. Fonterra, Ministry for theEnvironment, <strong>and</strong> Ministry <strong>of</strong> Agriculture <strong>and</strong>Forestry, Wellington, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Gleick, P., P. Loh, S. Gomez, <strong>and</strong> J. Morrison. 1995.California <strong>Water</strong> 2020: A Sustainable Vision. PacificInstitute for Studies in Development, Environment,<strong>and</strong> Security, Oakl<strong>and</strong>, California.Government <strong>of</strong> New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. 1987. Conservation Act1987. Government <strong>of</strong> New Zeal<strong>and</strong>, Wellington,New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Government <strong>of</strong> New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. 2004. Local GovernmentAct 2002. Government <strong>of</strong> New Zeal<strong>and</strong>, Wellington,New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Government <strong>of</strong> New Zeal<strong>and</strong>. 2005. ResourceManagement Act 1991 (including AmendmentActs through 2005). Government <strong>of</strong> New Zeal<strong>and</strong>,Wellington, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Guerquin, F., T. Ahmed, M. Hua, T. Ikeda, V. Ozbilen,<strong>and</strong> M. Schuttelaar. 2003. World <strong>Water</strong> Actions:Making <strong>Water</strong> Flow for All. World <strong>Water</strong> Council,Marseille, France.Harris, R. (Ed.) 2004. H<strong>and</strong>book <strong>of</strong> Environmental Law.Royal Forest <strong>and</strong> Bird Protection Society, Wellington,New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Jowett, I. 1996. RHYHABSIM: River Hydraulics <strong>and</strong>Habitat Simulation Computer Model. NationalInstitute for <strong>Water</strong> <strong>and</strong> Atmospheric <strong>Research</strong>,Hamilton, New Zeal<strong>and</strong>.Kirkpatrick, R. 1999. Bateman <strong>Contemporary</strong> AtlasJOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY WATER RESEARCH & EDUCATIONUCOWR
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