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19UNIVERSITIES COUNCIL ON WATER RESOURCESJOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY WATER RESEARCH & EDUCATIONISSUE 135, PAGES 19-27, DECEMBER 2006Integrated Water Resources Management in TheNetherlands: How Concepts FunctionErik MostertRBA Centre, Delft University of Technology, The NetherlandsSince the early 1990s (Mitchell 1990, DublinStatement 1992, Global Water Partnership2000, 2005). IWRM calls for a holisticmanagement of watersheds. It emphasizes the needto give full consideration to surface and groundwater, to quantity and quality issues, to ecology,to the relation between land and water resourcesand to the different socio-economic functions ofthe watershed.IWRM has received a lot of attention, butimportant questions still remain. For instance,what should be the objectives of IWRM? ShouldIWRM promote nature conservation, economicdevelopment, or the interests of the poor? And howshould IWRM be implemented; through top-downcomprehensive planning or bottom-up adaptivemanagement (Mitchell 2005, Jeffrey and Gearey2006)? Should all water-related competencies beintegrated in one organization (Biswas 2004a, b),or is improved co-operation the key to IWRM(Mostert et al. in press)? And what about largedams, privatization, and water pricing?This article aims to stimulate reflection on theIWRM concept using a country with a long IWRMhistory, The Netherlands, as an example. First, itintroduces Dutch water management and thendiscusses the introduction of the IWRM concept inDutch water management. Moreover, it discusseshow IWRM was interpreted and the impact it hashad on water management institutions, researchand practice. In addition, the article concludes thatIWRM is highly political. IWRM professionalshave to decide whom and what they want to serve.Dutch Water ManagementThe Netherlands is a small, densely populatedcountry with an area of 37,400 sq km (includinginland water) and a population of 16.3 million. Thecountry lies in the delta of the three major North-West European rivers: the Rhine, the Meuse andthe Scheldt. It is a very flat country. More than halfof the country is prone to sea or river floods or towater logging (Huisman 2004). Average annualrainfall is about 800 mm, with a deficit in thesummer months. Due to climate change, floodingand water scarcity problems may increase in thefuture (Können 2001).Industrial and urban water pollution has beenreduced drastically since 1970, but there is still alot of historical pollution in the form of pollutedsediments. Major problem substances nowadays arenitrate and phosphate from agriculture (Ministerievan Verkeer en Waterstaat 2005). Dutch agricultureis very intensive and uses about two-thirds of allthe land.Water management in The Netherlands is quitecomplex. Originally, water management wasthe responsibility of individual land owners andlocal communities. However, from around 800CE onwards, many swamps were drained. Thisresulted in soil subsidence and necessitated supralocalflood protection and drainage works fromaround 1100 onwards. To supervise these works,regional waterboards were established. Moreover,from around 1400 onwards, small polder boardswere established to drain small polders by means ofwind mills (Ven 2004). Together with the regionalwater boards, they are the ancestors of the presentUCOWRJOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY WATER RESEARCH & EDUCATION