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51UNIVERSITIES COUNCIL ON WATER RESOURCESJOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY WATER RESEARCH & EDUCATIONISSUE 135, PAGES 51-55, DECEMBER 2006IWRM In Practice: Lessons FromCanadian ExperiencesBruce MitchellUniversity <strong>of</strong> <strong>Water</strong>loo, <strong>Water</strong>loo, Ontario, CanadaIn Canada, IWRM has evolved fromcomprehensive river basin management in the1940s, as an explicit way to integrate economic,social <strong>and</strong> environmental considerations, toincorporate the perspectives <strong>of</strong> stakeholders.IWRM is also designed to overcome ‘edge’ effects(overlap <strong>of</strong> responsibility <strong>and</strong> authority betweentwo or more public agencies) as well as vertical<strong>and</strong> horizontal fragmentation.In this article, highlights from Canadianexperience are provided, based on a review <strong>of</strong>international experience with IWRM to be publishedby the World Meteorological Organization in 2007(Mitchell, in press).ContextIn Canada, the roots or predecessors <strong>of</strong> IWRMare based on at least two initiatives: OntarioConservation Authorities, <strong>and</strong> comprehensive riverbasin planning <strong>and</strong> management.Ontario Conservation AuthoritiesThe Ontario Conservation Authorities wereestablished through legislation in 1946. ConservationAuthorities were created to be river basinorganizations, based on a partnership <strong>of</strong>municipalities <strong>and</strong> the provincial government(Ontario 1967, 1987, Richardson 1974, Mitchell<strong>and</strong> Shrubsole 1992). The motivation came froman appreciation that individual municipalitiesdid not normally have the resources or authorityto undertake basin-wide initiatives, such asconstruction <strong>and</strong> operation <strong>of</strong> upstream dams<strong>and</strong> reservoirs for flood damage protection, tobenefit an individual municipality as well as otherdownstream communities. In 2006, there were36 conservation authorities in Ontario, coveringareas in which over 90 percent <strong>of</strong> the people in theprovince live.The following principles underlie theConservation Authorities: (1) the watershed as themanagement unit, (2) local initiative is essential—a Conservation Authority can be established onlywhen two or more municipalities in a watershedagree to collaborate with each other <strong>and</strong> theprovincial government, (3) provincial-municipalpartnership is a core aspect, (4) a healthy economybased on a healthy environment, (5) a comprehensiveperspective is required, <strong>and</strong> (6) coordination <strong>and</strong>cooperation are to be pursued. For more than 60years, the Conservation Authorities have operatedunder these principles to manage l<strong>and</strong>, water, <strong>and</strong>related resources within river basins, <strong>and</strong> haveaccumulated considerable experience in facilitatingcollaborative <strong>and</strong> cooperative approaches as well asovercoming vertical <strong>and</strong> horizontal fragmentation.Comprehensive River Basin Planning <strong>and</strong>ManagementThe Canadian federal government <strong>and</strong> severalprovincial governments initiated “comprehensiveriver basin planning” in the late 1960s in order to(1) enhance experience in using river basins as thebasis for planning <strong>and</strong> management, (2) explicitlyincorporate environmental considerations intoplanning, <strong>and</strong> (3) incorporate public participationin a systematic manner. Five comprehensive riverbasin plans were completed, which in turn werefollowed by implementation programs (Mitchell<strong>and</strong> Gardner 1983).Assessment <strong>of</strong> the experience with the federalprovincialbasin plans revealed: (1) basin plansJOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY WATER RESEARCH & EDUCATIONUCOWR
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