ethanol fuel production and use in kenya for sustainable ... - lumes

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Table 1: Human health problems caused by fossil fuel emissionsEMISSIONEFFECT ON HEALTH1. Particulates - Carcinogenic,- Lung damage (ACE, 2002)2. Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)-Nitrogen Oxide (NO)- High concentrations causes changes to lungfunctions (ACE, 2002)-Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 )- Shortness of breath,- Chest pains (ACE, 2002)3.Carbon Monoxide (CO)- Retarded growth and retarded mentaldevelopment in unborn child- High doses can be life threatening (ACE,2002).4.LEAD (PB)- At some concentrations in the blood cancause damage to central nervous system,kidneys and brain.- A strong link between high lead exposureand impaired intelligence in children (ACE,5.Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 )2002).- causes heart disease and bronchitis, and afall in lung function in asthmatics.-causes tightness in chest and coughing,impaired lung functioning (ACE, 2002).6.Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)-Benzene Carcinogenic (Gariazzo et al., 2005)-Butadiene Bone marrow depression and cellularimmaturity (Tsai et al., 2005)3.0 ANALYSIS3.1 Introduction of Ethanol into the System3.1.1 Economic and Social Benefits“Those who are poor and hungry will always destroy their immediate environment in order tosurvive” (WCED, 1987). For this reason there is need for economic growth and socialdevelopment in order for development to be sustainable (WCED, 1987). Ethanol productionhas the potential to lead to socio-economic growth.11
Available arable land(carrying capacity)-B1+R1Income to farmers++Cultivation offeedstock+R2++Jobs in productionand distributionEthanol production+R3++Export of ethanolR4++Ethanol price SupplyB2--Ethanol use-Petroleum use--Poverty-+Tax Base++Governmentrevenues, taxes, forex+-+Trade balanceSTANDARDOF LIVING+Public services,health, education...+Figure 4: Economic and social benefitsEconomic and Social Benefits: CLD DescriptionOnce again the description of the CLD will be done using the instructions under section1.2.2.1. A thicker arrow has been used between “Ethanol production” and “Cultivation offeedstock” to indicate that production drives cultivation.REINFORCING LOOP (R1)An increase in the “Cultivation of feedstock 5 ” leads to an increase in “Income to farmers”from the sale of feedstock crops, an increase in “Income to farmers” leads to an increase in“Cultivation of feedstock” as the profits get reinvested back into cultivation.An increase in “Income to farmers” leads to a decrease in “Poverty” and a decrease in“Poverty” leads to an increase in “STANDARD OF LIVING” decreased poverty is due to theincomes fetched from the sale of feedstock.BALANCING LOOP B1An increase in “Cultivation of feedstock” leads to a decrease in “Available arable land(carrying capacity)” and a decrease in “Available arable land (carrying capacity)” leads to adecrease in “Cultivation of feedstock” agricultural expansion is limited by the carryingcapacity and that availability of land.5 In this paper, feedstock is used to refer to crops that can be used for the production of ethanol12
Page 1 and 2: LUND UNIVERSITYInternational Master
Page 3 and 4: AcknowledgementsI would like to tha
Page 5 and 6: Table of ContentsAbstract .........
Page 7 and 8: List of acronymsACE - Atmosphere Cl
Page 9 and 10: The oil crisis and low sugar prices
Page 11 and 12: patterns that may be used to predic
Page 13 and 14: REINFORCING LOOP (R1)An increase in
Page 15 and 16: World Oil Prices and Inflation Tren
Page 17: the strengthened greenhouse effect
Page 21 and 22: need for higher agricultural growth
Page 23 and 24: atmosphere” leads to a decrease i
Page 25 and 26: evaporative emissions reacts with h
Page 27 and 28: particulate emissions from cane fie
Page 29 and 30: the yields on table 1 probably beca
Page 31 and 32: pastoralists and thus do not cultiv
Page 33 and 34: contributes to global warming. Petr
Page 35 and 36: Gariazzo et al. (2005) Monitoring a
Page 37 and 38: Tsai, et al. (2005) A Hematology Su
Page 39 and 40: Fossil fuels1. Does the country imp

ethanol fuel production and use in kenya for sustainable ... - lumes

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