ethanol fuel production and use in kenya for sustainable ... - lumes

Table of ContentsAbstract .....................................................................................................................................iiAcknowledgements ........................................................................................................iiiList of Figures and Tables..................................................................................................... ivTable of Contents .................................................................................................................... vList of acronyms.............................................................................................................vii1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 11.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ....................................... 21.1.1 Research questions................................................................................................... 21.1.2 Scope........................................................................................................................... 21.2 METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 21.2.1 Data collection:........................................................................................................... 21.2.2 Limitations................................................................................................................... 21.2.2 Data Analysis: ............................................................................................................ 31.2.2.1 The Concept of Causal Loop Diagrams (CLD).................................................. 42.0 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................. 42.1 An overview of Kenya’s Dependence on Petroleum............................................... 4Dependence on Petroleum Fuels CLD Description ................................................... 52.1.1 ECONOMICAL IMPACTS ........................................................................................ 7Inflation.............................................................................................................................. 7Trade Imbalance.............................................................................................................. 82.1.2 SOCIAL IMPACTS .................................................................................................... 8Lower Living Standards .................................................................................................. 82.1.3 IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT........................................................................ 9Indoor Air Pollution .......................................................................................................... 9Land Degradation ............................................................................................................ 9Global Warming ............................................................................................................... 9Depletion of Natural Resources .................................................................................. 10Urban Air Pollution......................................................................................................... 103.0 ANALYSIS........................................................................................................................ 113.1 Introduction of Ethanol into the System....................................................................... 113.1.1 Economic and Social Benefits............................................................................... 11Economic and Social Benefits: CLD Description...................................................... 12Poverty Reduction ......................................................................................................... 13Government Revenues................................................................................................. 14Export to Other Countries............................................................................................. 14Reduced Dependence on Imported fuels .................................................................. 143.1 Environmental Benefits .............................................................................................. 15Environmental Benefits of Using Ethanol: CLD Description................................... 15Global Warming ............................................................................................................. 16Urban Air Pollution......................................................................................................... 16Renewable resource ......................................................................................................... 174.0 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................. 17SECTION 1......................................................................................................................... 174.1 ETHANOL END USE ..................................................................................................... 174.1.1 Environmental Factors............................................................................................ 17NOX ................................................................................................................................. 17Aldehydes ....................................................................................................................... 17v