ethanol fuel production and use in kenya for sustainable ... - lumes

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List of Figures and TablesList of figures:Figure 1: Dependence on petroleum fuels .......................................................................... 5Figure 2: World oil prices and inflation trends in Kenya .................................................... 8Figure 3: Oil peak model ...................................................................................................... 10Figure 4: Economic and social benefits ............................................................................. 12Figure 5: Environmental benefits of using ethanol........................................................... 15Figure 6: Production costs of sugarcane and sugar beet ............................................... 22Figure 7: Map of Kenya illustrating the potential sites for ethanol processing plants. 23Figure 8: Production process of sugar and alcohol.......................................................... 24List of tablesTable 1: Human health problems caused by fossil fuel emissions................................ 11Table 2: Raw materials that could be used in ethanol production................................. 20iv
Table of ContentsAbstract .....................................................................................................................................iiAcknowledgements ........................................................................................................iiiList of Figures and Tables..................................................................................................... ivTable of Contents .................................................................................................................... vList of acronyms.............................................................................................................vii1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 11.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ....................................... 21.1.1 Research questions................................................................................................... 21.1.2 Scope........................................................................................................................... 21.2 METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................. 21.2.1 Data collection:........................................................................................................... 21.2.2 Limitations................................................................................................................... 21.2.2 Data Analysis: ............................................................................................................ 31.2.2.1 The Concept of Causal Loop Diagrams (CLD).................................................. 42.0 BACKGROUND................................................................................................................. 42.1 An overview of Kenya’s Dependence on Petroleum............................................... 4Dependence on Petroleum Fuels CLD Description ................................................... 52.1.1 ECONOMICAL IMPACTS ........................................................................................ 7Inflation.............................................................................................................................. 7Trade Imbalance.............................................................................................................. 82.1.2 SOCIAL IMPACTS .................................................................................................... 8Lower Living Standards .................................................................................................. 82.1.3 IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT........................................................................ 9Indoor Air Pollution .......................................................................................................... 9Land Degradation ............................................................................................................ 9Global Warming ............................................................................................................... 9Depletion of Natural Resources .................................................................................. 10Urban Air Pollution......................................................................................................... 103.0 ANALYSIS........................................................................................................................ 113.1 Introduction of Ethanol into the System....................................................................... 113.1.1 Economic and Social Benefits............................................................................... 11Economic and Social Benefits: CLD Description...................................................... 12Poverty Reduction ......................................................................................................... 13Government Revenues................................................................................................. 14Export to Other Countries............................................................................................. 14Reduced Dependence on Imported fuels .................................................................. 143.1 Environmental Benefits .............................................................................................. 15Environmental Benefits of Using Ethanol: CLD Description................................... 15Global Warming ............................................................................................................. 16Urban Air Pollution......................................................................................................... 16Renewable resource ......................................................................................................... 174.0 DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................. 17SECTION 1......................................................................................................................... 174.1 ETHANOL END USE ..................................................................................................... 174.1.1 Environmental Factors............................................................................................ 17NOX ................................................................................................................................. 17Aldehydes ....................................................................................................................... 17v
Page 1 and 2: LUND UNIVERSITYInternational Master
Page 3: AcknowledgementsI would like to tha
Page 7 and 8: List of acronymsACE - Atmosphere Cl
Page 9 and 10: The oil crisis and low sugar prices
Page 11 and 12: patterns that may be used to predic
Page 13 and 14: REINFORCING LOOP (R1)An increase in
Page 15 and 16: World Oil Prices and Inflation Tren
Page 17 and 18: the strengthened greenhouse effect
Page 19 and 20: Available arable land(carrying capa
Page 21 and 22: need for higher agricultural growth
Page 23 and 24: atmosphere” leads to a decrease i
Page 25 and 26: evaporative emissions reacts with h
Page 27 and 28: particulate emissions from cane fie
Page 29 and 30: the yields on table 1 probably beca
Page 31 and 32: pastoralists and thus do not cultiv
Page 33 and 34: contributes to global warming. Petr
Page 35 and 36: Gariazzo et al. (2005) Monitoring a
Page 37 and 38: Tsai, et al. (2005) A Hematology Su
Page 39 and 40: Fossil fuels1. Does the country imp

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