ethanol fuel production and use in kenya for sustainable ... - lumes

Available arable land(carrying capacity)-B1+R1Income to farmers++Cultivation offeedstock+R2++Jobs in productionand distributionEthanol production+R3++Export of ethanolR4++Ethanol price SupplyB2--Ethanol use-Petroleum use--Poverty-+Tax Base++Governmentrevenues, taxes, forex+-+Trade balanceSTANDARDOF LIVING+Public services,health, education...+Figure 4: Economic and social benefitsEconomic and Social Benefits: CLD DescriptionOnce again the description of the CLD will be done using the instructions under section1.2.2.1. A thicker arrow has been used between “Ethanol production” and “Cultivation offeedstock” to indicate that production drives cultivation.REINFORCING LOOP (R1)An increase in the “Cultivation of feedstock 5 ” leads to an increase in “Income to farmers”from the sale of feedstock crops, an increase in “Income to farmers” leads to an increase in“Cultivation of feedstock” as the profits get reinvested back into cultivation.An increase in “Income to farmers” leads to a decrease in “Poverty” and a decrease in“Poverty” leads to an increase in “STANDARD OF LIVING” decreased poverty is due to theincomes fetched from the sale of feedstock.BALANCING LOOP B1An increase in “Cultivation of feedstock” leads to a decrease in “Available arable land(carrying capacity)” and a decrease in “Available arable land (carrying capacity)” leads to adecrease in “Cultivation of feedstock” agricultural expansion is limited by the carryingcapacity and that availability of land.5 In this paper, feedstock is used to refer to crops that can be used for the production of ethanol12