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TABLE OF CONTENTSixSPECIFICATION (Cont’d)4. Welded Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825. Bolted Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826. Compression Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827. Dimensional Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828. Finish of Column Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82M3. Shop Painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831. General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832. Inaccessible Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833. Contact Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834. Finished Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835. Surfaces Adjacent to Field Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83M4. Erection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831. Alignment of Column Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832. Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833. Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844. Fit of Column Compression Joints and Base Plates . . . . . . . . . 845. Field Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846. Field Painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847. Field Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84M5. Quality Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841. Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842. Rejections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843. Inspection of Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854. Inspection of Slip-Critical High-Strength Bolted Connections . . . . 855. Identification of Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85N. EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86N1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86N2. Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861. Determination of Required Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862. Tensile Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863. Chemical Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864. Base Metal Notch Toughness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875. Weld Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876. Bolts and Rivets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87N3. Evaluation by Structural Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871. Dimensional Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872. Strength Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873. Serviceability Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87N4. Evaluation by Load Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881. Determination of Live Load Rating by Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . 882. Serviceability Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88N5. Evaluation Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88APPENDIX B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89B5. Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891. Classification of Steel Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893. Slender-Element Compression Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89APPENDIX E. COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS . . . 94<strong>LRFD</strong> Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, December 27, 1999AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
xTABLE OF CONTENTSSPECIFICATION (Cont’d)E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . 94APPENDIX F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS . . . . . . . . 96F1. Design for Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96F2. Design for Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1022. Design Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1023. Transverse Stiffeners. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102F3. Web-Tapered Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031. General Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1032. Design Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033. Design Compressive Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1034. Design Flexural Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045. Design Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1066. Combined Flexure and Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106APPENDIX G. PLATE GIRDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107G1. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107G2. Design Flexural Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107G3. Design Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109G4. Transverse Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110G5. Flexure-Shear Interaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111APPENDIX H. MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED FORCES ANDTORSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112H3. Alternative Interaction Equations for Members UnderCombined Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112APPENDIX J. CONNECTIONS, JOINTS, AND FASTENERS . . . . . . . . 115J2. Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154. Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115J3. Bolts and Threaded Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1177. Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing-Type Connections . . . . 1178. High-Strength Bolts in Slip-Critical Connections . . . . . . . . . . 1179. Combined Tension and Shear in Slip-Critical Connections . . . . . 117APPENDIX K. CONCENTRATED FORCES, PONDING, AND FATIGUE . 118K2. Ponding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118K3. Design for Cyclic Loading (Fatigue) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1211. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212. Calculation of Maximum Stresses and Stress Ranges . . . . . . . . 1213. Design Stress Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1224. Bolts and Threaded Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245. Special Fabrication and Erection Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . 124NUMERICAL VALUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140COMMENTARYINTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163A. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164A1. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164A2. Types of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164<strong>LRFD</strong> Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, December 27, 1999AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Page 1 and 2: LOAD AND RESISTANCEFACTOR DESIGNSPE
Page 3: iiCopyright © 2000byAmerican Insti
Page 6 and 7: vTABLE OF CONTENTSSYMBOLS . . . . .
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTSviiSPECIFICATION (
Page 12 and 13: TABLE OF CONTENTSxiCOMMENTARY (Cont
Page 18 and 19: SYMBOLSxviistrength (for those stee
Page 20 and 21: SYMBOLSxixS eff Effective section m
Page 22 and 23: SYMBOLSxxit s Web stiffener thickne
Page 24 and 25: xxiiiGLOSSARYAlignment chart for co
Page 26 and 27: GLOSSARYxxvEffective moment of iner
Page 28 and 29: GLOSSARYxxviiLateral bracing member
Page 30 and 31: GLOSSARYxxixPost-buckling strength.
Page 32 and 33: GLOSSARYxxxiStrain-hardening strain
Page 34 and 35: 1CHAPTER AGENERAL PROVISIONSA1. SCO
Page 36 and 37: Sect. A3.] MATERIAL 3Cold-Formed We
Page 38 and 39: Sect. A3.] MATERIAL 5ASTM A449 bolt
Page 40 and 41: Sect. A6.] REFERENCED CODES AND STA
Page 42 and 43: Sect. A7.] DESIGN DOCUMENTS 9tion A
Page 44 and 45: Sect. B4.] STABILITY 11(a) When the
Page 46 and 47: Sect. B10.] PROPORTIONS OF BEAMS AN
Page 48 and 49: Sect. B10.] PROPORTIONS OF BEAMS AN
Page 50 and 51: 17Chap. CCHAPTER CFRAMES AND OTHER
Page 52 and 53: Sect. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 19all
Page 54 and 55: Sect. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 214. B
Page 56 and 57: Sect. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 231.0;
Page 58 and 59: Sect. D3.] PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS AN
Page 60 and 61:
27Chap. ECHAPTER ECOLUMNS AND OTHER
Page 62 and 63:
Sect. E4.] BUILT-UP MEMBERS 29(a) F
Page 64 and 65:
31Chap. FCHAPTER FBEAMS AND OTHER F
Page 66 and 67:
Sect. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 33Lp=
Page 68 and 69:
Sect. F2.] DESIGN FOR SHEAR 35Lpd
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37Chap. GCHAPTER GPLATE GIRDERSI-sh
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Sect. H3.] ALTERNATIVE INTERACTION
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Sect. I2.] COMPRESSION MEMBERS 41ti
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Sect. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 434. Lo
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Sect. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 45welde
Page 80 and 81:
Sect. I5.] SHEAR CONNECTORS 47A c =
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49Chap. JCHAPTER JCONNECTIONS, JOIN
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Sect. J1.] GENERAL PROVISIONS 518.
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Sect. J2.] WELDS 53Welding ProcessT
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Sect. J2.] WELDS 55For end-loaded f
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Sect. J2.] WELDS 57Types of Weld an
Page 92 and 93:
Sect. J3.] BOLTS AND THREADED PARTS
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
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Sect. J4.] DESIGN RUPTURE STRENGTH
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Sect. J8.] BEARING STRENGTH 69J6. F
Page 104 and 105:
71Chap. KCHAPTER KCONCENTRATED FORC
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Sect. K1.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CO
Page 108 and 109:
For P u 0.4P yR v = 0.60F y d c t
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Sect. K3.] DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADIN
Page 112 and 113:
79Chap. LCHAPTER LSERVICEABILITY DE
Page 114 and 115:
81Chap. MCHAPTER MFABRICATION, EREC
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Sect. M4.] ERECTION 83(2) Bottom su
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Sect. M5.] QUALITY CONTROL 85The fa
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Sect. N3.] EVALUATION BY STRUCTURAL
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89App. BAPPENDIX BDESIGN REQUIREMEN
Page 124 and 125:
App. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 914kc=h/tw
Page 126 and 127:
App. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 93é0.877
Page 128 and 129:
App. E3.] DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENG
Page 130 and 131:
App. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 97For
Page 132 and 133:
App. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 99TABL
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App. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 101Cri
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App. F3.] WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS 103j
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App. F3.] WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS 105Fw
Page 140 and 141:
107App. GAPPENDIX GPLATE GIRDERSThi
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App. G3.] DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH 109
Page 144 and 145:
App. G5.] FLEXURE-SHEAR INTERACTION
Page 146 and 147:
App. H3.] ALTERNATIVE INTERACTION E
Page 148 and 149:
115App. JAPPENDIX JCONNECTIONS, JOI
Page 150 and 151:
App. J3.] BOLTS AND THREADED PARTS
Page 152 and 153:
App. K2.] PONDING 119æçMetric:lC
Page 154 and 155:
App. K3.] DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADING
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Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
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NUMERICAL VALUES 141TABLE 2ItemShap
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NUMERICAL VALUES 143Klr123456789101
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NUMERICAL VALUES 145TABLE 3-50Desig
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NUMERICAL VALUES 147TABLE 4Values o
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NUMERICAL VALUES 149TABLE 5 (cont
Page 184 and 185:
NUMERICAL VALUES 151TABLE 7Values o
Page 186 and 187:
NUMERICAL VALUES 153f vVAwnTABLE 8-
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Page 190 and 191:
NUMERICAL VALUES 157hf vVAwnTABLE 9
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
NUMERICAL VALUES 161ht wf vVAwnTABL
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163COMMENTARYon the Load and Resist
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Comm. A2.] TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 16
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Comm. A3.] MATERIAL 167and Chen, 19
Page 202 and 203:
Comm. A3.] MATERIAL 169than the ant
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Comm. A4.] LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATI
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Comm. A5.] DESIGN BASIS 173where =
Page 208 and 209:
Comm. A5.] DESIGN BASIS 175( )bsln(
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177Comm. BCHAPTER BDESIGN REQUIREME
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Comm. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 179(c) Al
Page 214 and 215:
Comm. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 181load.
Page 216 and 217:
Comm. B7.] LIMITING SLENDERNESS RAT
Page 218 and 219:
Comm. C1.] SECOND ORDER EFFECTS 185
Page 220 and 221:
Comm. C1.] SECOND ORDER EFFECTS 187
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Comm. C2.] FRAME STABILITY 189Buckl
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Comm. C2.] FRAME STABILITY 191Notes
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Comm. C2.] FRAME STABILITY 193Where
Page 228 and 229:
Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 195age
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Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 197pla
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Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 199The
Page 234 and 235:
Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 201Par
Page 236 and 237:
203Comm. ECHAPTER ECOLUMNS AND OTHE
Page 238 and 239:
Comm. E4.] BUILT-UP MEMBERS 205TABL
Page 240 and 241:
Comm. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 207ha
Page 242 and 243:
Comm. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 2092b
Page 244 and 245:
Comm. F4.] BEAMS AND GIRDERS WITH W
Page 246 and 247:
Comm. H2.] UNSYMMETRIC MEMBERS AND
Page 248 and 249:
Comm. I2.] COMPRESSION MEMBERS 215d
Page 250 and 251:
Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 217may
Page 252 and 253:
Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 219The
Page 254 and 255:
Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 221wher
Page 256 and 257:
Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 223proc
Page 258 and 259:
Comm. I4.] COMBINED COMPRESSION AND
Page 260 and 261:
Comm. I5.] SHEAR CONNECTORS 227tal
Page 262 and 263:
229Comm. JCHAPTER JCONNECTIONS, JOI
Page 264 and 265:
Comm. J1.] GENERAL PROVISIONS 231 P
Page 266 and 267:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 2332b. Limitations
Page 268 and 269:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 235When longitudin
Page 270 and 271:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 237due to cyclic f
Page 272 and 273:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 239(b) Plane 2-2,
Page 274 and 275:
Comm. J3.] BOLTS AND THREADED PARTS
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Comm. J4.] DESIGN RUPTURE STRENGTH
Page 282 and 283:
249Comm. KCHAPTER KCONCENTRATED FOR
Page 284 and 285:
Comm. K1.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CO
Page 286 and 287:
Comm. K1.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CO
Page 288 and 289:
Comm. K2.] PONDING 255Even on the b
Page 290 and 291:
257Comm. LCHAPTER LSERVICEABILITY D
Page 292 and 293:
Comm. L5.] CORROSION 259orthotropic
Page 294 and 295:
Comm. M4.] ERECTION 261It is sugges
Page 296 and 297:
Comm. N4.] EVALUATION BY LOAD TESTS
Page 298 and 299:
Comm. N5.] EVALUATION REPORT 265N5.
Page 300 and 301:
267Comm. A-EAPPENDIX ECOLUMNS AND O
Page 302 and 303:
Comm. App. F3.] WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS
Page 304 and 305:
271Comm. A-GAPPENDIX GPLATE GIRDERS
Page 306 and 307:
273Comm. A-KAPPENDIX JCONNECTIONS,
Page 308 and 309:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 275found to be con
Page 310 and 311:
Comm. K3.] DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADIN
Page 312 and 313:
279ReferencesAckroyd, M. H., and Ge
Page 314 and 315:
REFERENCES 281Bjorhovde, R. (1972),
Page 316 and 317:
REFERENCES 283Fielding, D. J., and
Page 318 and 319:
REFERENCES 285Johnson, D. L. (1985)
Page 320 and 321:
REFERENCES 287Ollgaard, J. G., Slut
Page 322 and 323:
REFERENCES 289Zhou, S. P., and Chen
Page 324 and 325:
SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY 291Kotec
Page 326 and 327:
Metric Conversion Factors for Commo
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