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vTABLE OF CONTENTSSYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvGLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiiiSPECIFICATIONA. GENERAL PROVISIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A1. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A2. Types of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1A3. Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21. Structural Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22. Steel Castings and Forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43. Bolts, Washers, and Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44. Anchor Rods and Threaded Rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55. Filler Metal and Flux for Welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56. Stud Shear Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6A4. Loads and Load Combinations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6A5. Design Basis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61. Required Strength at Factored Loads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62. Limit States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73. Design for Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74. Design for Serviceability and Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 7A6. Referenced Codes and Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7A7. Design Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8B. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10B1. Gross Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10B2. Net Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10B3. Effective Area of Tension Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10B4. Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11B5. Local Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121. Classification of Steel Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122. Design by Plastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133. Slender-Element Compression Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13B6. Bracing at Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13B7. Limiting Slenderness Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13B8. Simple Spans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13B9. End Restraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13B10. Proportions of Beams and Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13C. FRAMES AND OTHER STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17C1. Second Order Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171. Design by Plastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172. Design by Elastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17C2. Frame Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181. Braced Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182. Unbraced Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19<strong>LRFD</strong> Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, December 27, 1999AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
viTABLE OF CONTENTSSPECIFICATION (Cont’d)C3. Stability Bracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192. Frames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193. Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204. Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21D. TENSION MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24D1. Design Tensile Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24D2. Built-Up Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24D3. Pin-Connected Members and Eyebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251. Pin-Connected Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252. Eyebars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26E. COLUMNS AND OTHER COMPRESSION MEMBERS. . . . . . . . . . 27E1. Effective Length and Slenderness Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271. Effective Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272. Design by Plastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27E2. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . 27E3. Design Compressive Strength for Flexural-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . 28E4. Built-Up Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281. Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282. Detailing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29E5. Connections for Pin-Connected Compression Members . . . . . . . . . . 30F. BEAMS AND OTHER FLEXURAL MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31F1. Design for Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311. Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312. Lateral-Torsional Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323. Design by Plastic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34F2. Design for Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351. Web Area Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352. Design Shear Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353. Transverse Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36F3. Web-Tapered Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36F4. Beams and Girders with Web Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36G. PLATE GIRDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37H. MEMBERS UNDER COMBINED FORCES AND TORSION . . . . . . . 38H1. Symmetric Members Subject to Bending and Axial Force . . . . . . . . 381. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure and Tension . . 382. Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members in Flexure andCompression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39H2. Unsymmetric Members and Members Under Torsion andCombined Torsion, Flexure, Shear, and/or Axial Force . . . . . . . . . . 39H3. Alternative Interaction Equations for Members Under CombinedStress (see Appendix H3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39I. COMPOSITE MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40I1. Design Assumptions and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40I2. Compression Members. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41<strong>LRFD</strong> Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, December 27, 1999AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Page 1 and 2: LOAD AND RESISTANCEFACTOR DESIGNSPE
Page 3: iiCopyright © 2000byAmerican Insti
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTSviiSPECIFICATION (
Page 10 and 11: TABLE OF CONTENTSixSPECIFICATION (C
Page 12 and 13: TABLE OF CONTENTSxiCOMMENTARY (Cont
Page 18 and 19: SYMBOLSxviistrength (for those stee
Page 20 and 21: SYMBOLSxixS eff Effective section m
Page 22 and 23: SYMBOLSxxit s Web stiffener thickne
Page 24 and 25: xxiiiGLOSSARYAlignment chart for co
Page 26 and 27: GLOSSARYxxvEffective moment of iner
Page 28 and 29: GLOSSARYxxviiLateral bracing member
Page 30 and 31: GLOSSARYxxixPost-buckling strength.
Page 32 and 33: GLOSSARYxxxiStrain-hardening strain
Page 34 and 35: 1CHAPTER AGENERAL PROVISIONSA1. SCO
Page 36 and 37: Sect. A3.] MATERIAL 3Cold-Formed We
Page 38 and 39: Sect. A3.] MATERIAL 5ASTM A449 bolt
Page 40 and 41: Sect. A6.] REFERENCED CODES AND STA
Page 42 and 43: Sect. A7.] DESIGN DOCUMENTS 9tion A
Page 44 and 45: Sect. B4.] STABILITY 11(a) When the
Page 46 and 47: Sect. B10.] PROPORTIONS OF BEAMS AN
Page 48 and 49: Sect. B10.] PROPORTIONS OF BEAMS AN
Page 50 and 51: 17Chap. CCHAPTER CFRAMES AND OTHER
Page 52 and 53: Sect. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 19all
Page 54 and 55: Sect. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 214. B
Page 56 and 57:
Sect. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 231.0;
Page 58 and 59:
Sect. D3.] PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS AN
Page 60 and 61:
27Chap. ECHAPTER ECOLUMNS AND OTHER
Page 62 and 63:
Sect. E4.] BUILT-UP MEMBERS 29(a) F
Page 64 and 65:
31Chap. FCHAPTER FBEAMS AND OTHER F
Page 66 and 67:
Sect. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 33Lp=
Page 68 and 69:
Sect. F2.] DESIGN FOR SHEAR 35Lpd
Page 70 and 71:
37Chap. GCHAPTER GPLATE GIRDERSI-sh
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Sect. H3.] ALTERNATIVE INTERACTION
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Sect. I2.] COMPRESSION MEMBERS 41ti
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Sect. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 434. Lo
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Sect. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 45welde
Page 80 and 81:
Sect. I5.] SHEAR CONNECTORS 47A c =
Page 82 and 83:
49Chap. JCHAPTER JCONNECTIONS, JOIN
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Sect. J1.] GENERAL PROVISIONS 518.
Page 86 and 87:
Sect. J2.] WELDS 53Welding ProcessT
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Sect. J2.] WELDS 55For end-loaded f
Page 90 and 91:
Sect. J2.] WELDS 57Types of Weld an
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Sect. J3.] BOLTS AND THREADED PARTS
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
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Sect. J4.] DESIGN RUPTURE STRENGTH
Page 102 and 103:
Sect. J8.] BEARING STRENGTH 69J6. F
Page 104 and 105:
71Chap. KCHAPTER KCONCENTRATED FORC
Page 106 and 107:
Sect. K1.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CO
Page 108 and 109:
For P u 0.4P yR v = 0.60F y d c t
Page 110 and 111:
Sect. K3.] DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADIN
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79Chap. LCHAPTER LSERVICEABILITY DE
Page 114 and 115:
81Chap. MCHAPTER MFABRICATION, EREC
Page 116 and 117:
Sect. M4.] ERECTION 83(2) Bottom su
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Sect. M5.] QUALITY CONTROL 85The fa
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Sect. N3.] EVALUATION BY STRUCTURAL
Page 122 and 123:
89App. BAPPENDIX BDESIGN REQUIREMEN
Page 124 and 125:
App. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 914kc=h/tw
Page 126 and 127:
App. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 93é0.877
Page 128 and 129:
App. E3.] DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENG
Page 130 and 131:
App. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 97For
Page 132 and 133:
App. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 99TABL
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App. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 101Cri
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App. F3.] WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS 103j
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App. F3.] WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS 105Fw
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107App. GAPPENDIX GPLATE GIRDERSThi
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App. G3.] DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH 109
Page 144 and 145:
App. G5.] FLEXURE-SHEAR INTERACTION
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App. H3.] ALTERNATIVE INTERACTION E
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115App. JAPPENDIX JCONNECTIONS, JOI
Page 150 and 151:
App. J3.] BOLTS AND THREADED PARTS
Page 152 and 153:
App. K2.] PONDING 119æçMetric:lC
Page 154 and 155:
App. K3.] DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADING
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
NUMERICAL VALUES 141TABLE 2ItemShap
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NUMERICAL VALUES 143Klr123456789101
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NUMERICAL VALUES 145TABLE 3-50Desig
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NUMERICAL VALUES 147TABLE 4Values o
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NUMERICAL VALUES 149TABLE 5 (cont
Page 184 and 185:
NUMERICAL VALUES 151TABLE 7Values o
Page 186 and 187:
NUMERICAL VALUES 153f vVAwnTABLE 8-
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NUMERICAL VALUES 157hf vVAwnTABLE 9
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
NUMERICAL VALUES 161ht wf vVAwnTABL
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163COMMENTARYon the Load and Resist
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Comm. A2.] TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 16
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Comm. A3.] MATERIAL 167and Chen, 19
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Comm. A3.] MATERIAL 169than the ant
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Comm. A4.] LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATI
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Comm. A5.] DESIGN BASIS 173where =
Page 208 and 209:
Comm. A5.] DESIGN BASIS 175( )bsln(
Page 210 and 211:
177Comm. BCHAPTER BDESIGN REQUIREME
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Comm. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 179(c) Al
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Comm. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 181load.
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Comm. B7.] LIMITING SLENDERNESS RAT
Page 218 and 219:
Comm. C1.] SECOND ORDER EFFECTS 185
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Comm. C1.] SECOND ORDER EFFECTS 187
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Comm. C2.] FRAME STABILITY 189Buckl
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Comm. C2.] FRAME STABILITY 191Notes
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Comm. C2.] FRAME STABILITY 193Where
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Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 195age
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Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 197pla
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Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 199The
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Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 201Par
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203Comm. ECHAPTER ECOLUMNS AND OTHE
Page 238 and 239:
Comm. E4.] BUILT-UP MEMBERS 205TABL
Page 240 and 241:
Comm. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 207ha
Page 242 and 243:
Comm. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 2092b
Page 244 and 245:
Comm. F4.] BEAMS AND GIRDERS WITH W
Page 246 and 247:
Comm. H2.] UNSYMMETRIC MEMBERS AND
Page 248 and 249:
Comm. I2.] COMPRESSION MEMBERS 215d
Page 250 and 251:
Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 217may
Page 252 and 253:
Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 219The
Page 254 and 255:
Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 221wher
Page 256 and 257:
Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 223proc
Page 258 and 259:
Comm. I4.] COMBINED COMPRESSION AND
Page 260 and 261:
Comm. I5.] SHEAR CONNECTORS 227tal
Page 262 and 263:
229Comm. JCHAPTER JCONNECTIONS, JOI
Page 264 and 265:
Comm. J1.] GENERAL PROVISIONS 231 P
Page 266 and 267:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 2332b. Limitations
Page 268 and 269:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 235When longitudin
Page 270 and 271:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 237due to cyclic f
Page 272 and 273:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 239(b) Plane 2-2,
Page 274 and 275:
Comm. J3.] BOLTS AND THREADED PARTS
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Comm. J4.] DESIGN RUPTURE STRENGTH
Page 282 and 283:
249Comm. KCHAPTER KCONCENTRATED FOR
Page 284 and 285:
Comm. K1.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CO
Page 286 and 287:
Comm. K1.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CO
Page 288 and 289:
Comm. K2.] PONDING 255Even on the b
Page 290 and 291:
257Comm. LCHAPTER LSERVICEABILITY D
Page 292 and 293:
Comm. L5.] CORROSION 259orthotropic
Page 294 and 295:
Comm. M4.] ERECTION 261It is sugges
Page 296 and 297:
Comm. N4.] EVALUATION BY LOAD TESTS
Page 298 and 299:
Comm. N5.] EVALUATION REPORT 265N5.
Page 300 and 301:
267Comm. A-EAPPENDIX ECOLUMNS AND O
Page 302 and 303:
Comm. App. F3.] WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS
Page 304 and 305:
271Comm. A-GAPPENDIX GPLATE GIRDERS
Page 306 and 307:
273Comm. A-KAPPENDIX JCONNECTIONS,
Page 308 and 309:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 275found to be con
Page 310 and 311:
Comm. K3.] DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADIN
Page 312 and 313:
279ReferencesAckroyd, M. H., and Ge
Page 314 and 315:
REFERENCES 281Bjorhovde, R. (1972),
Page 316 and 317:
REFERENCES 283Fielding, D. J., and
Page 318 and 319:
REFERENCES 285Johnson, D. L. (1985)
Page 320 and 321:
REFERENCES 287Ollgaard, J. G., Slut
Page 322 and 323:
REFERENCES 289Zhou, S. P., and Chen
Page 324 and 325:
SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY 291Kotec
Page 326 and 327:
Metric Conversion Factors for Commo
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