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Comm. J2.] WELDS 275found to be conservative relative to the data obtained using the computational procedurepresented in Appendix J2.4.<strong>LRFD</strong> Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, December 27, 1999AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
276Comm. A-KAPPENDIX KCONCENTRATED FORCES, PONDING, AND FATIGUEK3. DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADING (FATIGUE)Because most members in building frames are not subject to a large enough numberof cycles of full design stress application to require design for fatigue, the provisionscovering such designs have been placed in Appendix K3.When fatigue is a design consideration, its severity is most significantly affected bythe number of load applications, the magnitude of the stress range, and the severityof the stress concentrations associated with the particular details. These factors arenot encountered in normal building designs; however, when encountered and whenfatigue is of concern, all provisions of Appendix K3 must be satisfied.In general, members or connections subject to less than a few thousand cycles ofloading will not constitute a fatigue condition except possibly for cases involvingfull reversal of loading and particularly sensitive categories of details. This isbecause the admissible static design stress range will be limited by the admissiblestatic design stress. At low levels of cyclic tensile stress, a point is reached wherethe stress range is so low that fatigue cracking will not initiate regardless of thenumber of cycles of loading. This level of stress is defined as the fatigue threshold,F TH . .Fluctuation in stress which does not involve tensile stress does not cause crackpropagation and is not considered to be a fatigue situation. On the other hand, in elementsof members subject solely to calculated compressive stress, fatigue cracksmay initiate in regions of high tensile residual stress. In such situations, the cracksgenerally do not propagate beyond the region of the residual tensile stress, becausethe residual stress is relieved by the crack. For this reason, stress ranges that arecompletely in compression need not be investigated for fatigue. For cases involvingcyclic reversal of stress the calculated stress range must be taken as the sum of thecompressive stress and the tensile stress caused by different direction or pattern ofapplied live load.When fabrication details involving more than one category occur at the same locationin a member, the stress range at that location must be limited to that of the mostrestrictive category. By locating notch-producing fabrication details in regions subjectto a small range of stress, the need for a member larger than required by staticloading will often be eliminated.Extensive test programs (Fisher, Frank, Hirt, and McNamee, 1970, and Fisher,Albrecht, Yen, and Klingerman, 1974) using full size specimens, substantiated bytheoretical stress analysis, have confirmed the following general conclusions:<strong>LRFD</strong> Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, December 27, 1999AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
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LOAD AND RESISTANCEFACTOR DESIGNSPE
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iiCopyright © 2000byAmerican Insti
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vTABLE OF CONTENTSSYMBOLS . . . . .
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TABLE OF CONTENTSviiSPECIFICATION (
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TABLE OF CONTENTSixSPECIFICATION (C
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TABLE OF CONTENTSxiCOMMENTARY (Cont
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SYMBOLSxviistrength (for those stee
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SYMBOLSxixS eff Effective section m
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SYMBOLSxxit s Web stiffener thickne
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xxiiiGLOSSARYAlignment chart for co
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GLOSSARYxxvEffective moment of iner
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GLOSSARYxxviiLateral bracing member
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GLOSSARYxxixPost-buckling strength.
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GLOSSARYxxxiStrain-hardening strain
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1CHAPTER AGENERAL PROVISIONSA1. SCO
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Sect. A3.] MATERIAL 3Cold-Formed We
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Sect. A3.] MATERIAL 5ASTM A449 bolt
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Sect. A6.] REFERENCED CODES AND STA
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Sect. A7.] DESIGN DOCUMENTS 9tion A
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Sect. B4.] STABILITY 11(a) When the
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Sect. B10.] PROPORTIONS OF BEAMS AN
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Sect. B10.] PROPORTIONS OF BEAMS AN
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17Chap. CCHAPTER CFRAMES AND OTHER
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Sect. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 19all
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Sect. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 214. B
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Sect. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 231.0;
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Sect. D3.] PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS AN
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27Chap. ECHAPTER ECOLUMNS AND OTHER
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Sect. E4.] BUILT-UP MEMBERS 29(a) F
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31Chap. FCHAPTER FBEAMS AND OTHER F
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Sect. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 33Lp=
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Sect. F2.] DESIGN FOR SHEAR 35Lpd
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37Chap. GCHAPTER GPLATE GIRDERSI-sh
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Sect. H3.] ALTERNATIVE INTERACTION
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Sect. I2.] COMPRESSION MEMBERS 41ti
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Sect. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 434. Lo
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Sect. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 45welde
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Sect. I5.] SHEAR CONNECTORS 47A c =
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49Chap. JCHAPTER JCONNECTIONS, JOIN
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Sect. J1.] GENERAL PROVISIONS 518.
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Sect. J2.] WELDS 53Welding ProcessT
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Sect. J2.] WELDS 55For end-loaded f
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Sect. J2.] WELDS 57Types of Weld an
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Sect. J3.] BOLTS AND THREADED PARTS
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Sect. J4.] DESIGN RUPTURE STRENGTH
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Sect. J8.] BEARING STRENGTH 69J6. F
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71Chap. KCHAPTER KCONCENTRATED FORC
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Sect. K1.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CO
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For P u 0.4P yR v = 0.60F y d c t
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Sect. K3.] DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADIN
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79Chap. LCHAPTER LSERVICEABILITY DE
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81Chap. MCHAPTER MFABRICATION, EREC
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Sect. M4.] ERECTION 83(2) Bottom su
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Sect. M5.] QUALITY CONTROL 85The fa
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Sect. N3.] EVALUATION BY STRUCTURAL
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89App. BAPPENDIX BDESIGN REQUIREMEN
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App. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 914kc=h/tw
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App. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 93é0.877
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App. E3.] DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENG
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App. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 97For
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App. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 99TABL
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App. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 101Cri
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App. F3.] WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS 103j
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App. F3.] WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS 105Fw
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107App. GAPPENDIX GPLATE GIRDERSThi
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App. G3.] DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH 109
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App. G5.] FLEXURE-SHEAR INTERACTION
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App. H3.] ALTERNATIVE INTERACTION E
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115App. JAPPENDIX JCONNECTIONS, JOI
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App. J3.] BOLTS AND THREADED PARTS
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App. K2.] PONDING 119æçMetric:lC
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App. K3.] DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADING
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NUMERICAL VALUES 141TABLE 2ItemShap
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NUMERICAL VALUES 143Klr123456789101
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NUMERICAL VALUES 145TABLE 3-50Desig
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NUMERICAL VALUES 147TABLE 4Values o
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NUMERICAL VALUES 149TABLE 5 (cont
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NUMERICAL VALUES 151TABLE 7Values o
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NUMERICAL VALUES 153f vVAwnTABLE 8-
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NUMERICAL VALUES 157hf vVAwnTABLE 9
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NUMERICAL VALUES 161ht wf vVAwnTABL
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163COMMENTARYon the Load and Resist
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Comm. A2.] TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 16
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Comm. A3.] MATERIAL 167and Chen, 19
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Comm. A3.] MATERIAL 169than the ant
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Comm. A4.] LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATI
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Comm. A5.] DESIGN BASIS 173where =
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Comm. A5.] DESIGN BASIS 175( )bsln(
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177Comm. BCHAPTER BDESIGN REQUIREME
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Comm. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 179(c) Al
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Comm. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 181load.
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Comm. B7.] LIMITING SLENDERNESS RAT
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Comm. C1.] SECOND ORDER EFFECTS 185
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Comm. C1.] SECOND ORDER EFFECTS 187
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Comm. C2.] FRAME STABILITY 189Buckl
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Comm. C2.] FRAME STABILITY 191Notes
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Comm. C2.] FRAME STABILITY 193Where
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Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 195age
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Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 197pla
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Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 199The
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Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 201Par
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203Comm. ECHAPTER ECOLUMNS AND OTHE
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Comm. E4.] BUILT-UP MEMBERS 205TABL
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Comm. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 207ha
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Comm. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 2092b
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Comm. F4.] BEAMS AND GIRDERS WITH W
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Comm. H2.] UNSYMMETRIC MEMBERS AND
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Comm. I2.] COMPRESSION MEMBERS 215d
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Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 217may
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Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 219The
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Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 221wher
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Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 223proc
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Page 266 and 267: Comm. J2.] WELDS 2332b. Limitations
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Page 284 and 285: Comm. K1.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CO
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Page 288 and 289: Comm. K2.] PONDING 255Even on the b
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Page 292 and 293: Comm. L5.] CORROSION 259orthotropic
Page 294 and 295: Comm. M4.] ERECTION 261It is sugges
Page 296 and 297: Comm. N4.] EVALUATION BY LOAD TESTS
Page 298 and 299: Comm. N5.] EVALUATION REPORT 265N5.
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Page 306 and 307: 273Comm. A-KAPPENDIX JCONNECTIONS,
Page 310 and 311: Comm. K3.] DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADIN
Page 312 and 313: 279ReferencesAckroyd, M. H., and Ge
Page 314 and 315: REFERENCES 281Bjorhovde, R. (1972),
Page 316 and 317: REFERENCES 283Fielding, D. J., and
Page 318 and 319: REFERENCES 285Johnson, D. L. (1985)
Page 320 and 321: REFERENCES 287Ollgaard, J. G., Slut
Page 322 and 323: REFERENCES 289Zhou, S. P., and Chen
Page 324 and 325: SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY 291Kotec
Page 326 and 327: Metric Conversion Factors for Commo
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