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TABLE OF CONTENTSviiSPECIFICATION (Cont’d)2. Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423. Columns with Multiple Steel Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424. Load Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43I3. Flexural Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431. Effective Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432. Design Strength of Beams with Shear Connectors . . . . . . . . . . 433. Design Strength of Concrete-Encased Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . 444. Strength During Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445. Formed Steel Deck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446. Design Shear Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46I4. Combined Compression and Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46I5. Shear Connectors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461. Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462. Horizontal Shear Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463. Strength of Stud Shear Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474. Strength of Channel Shear Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475. Required Number of Shear Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476. Shear Connector Placement and Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48I6. Special Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48J. CONNECTIONS, JOINTS, AND FASTENERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49J1. General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491. Design Basis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492. Simple Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493. Moment Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494. Compression Members with Bearing Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495. Splices in Heavy Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496. Beam Copes and Weld Access Holes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507. Minimum Strength of Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508. Placement of Welds and Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519. Bolts in Combination with Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5110. High-Strength Bolts in Combination with Rivets . . . . . . . . . . . 5111. Limitations on Bolted and Welded Connections . . . . . . . . . . . 51J2. Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521. Groove Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522. Fillet Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533. Plug and Slot Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564. Design Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565. Combination of Welds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586. Weld Metal Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587. Mixed Weld Metal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588. Preheat for Heavy Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58J3. Bolts and Threaded Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581. High-Strength Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582. Size and Use of Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593. Minimum Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604. Minimum Edge Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605. Maximum Spacing and Edge Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606. Design Tension or Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62<strong>LRFD</strong> Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, December 27, 1999AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
viiiTABLE OF CONTENTSSPECIFICATION (Cont’d)7. Combined Tension and Shear in Bearing-Type Connections . . . . . 638. High-Strength Bolts in Slip-Critical Connections . . . . . . . . . . 649. Combined Tension and Shear in Slip-Critical Connections . . . . . 6610. Bearing Strength at Bolt Holes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6611. Long Grips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67J4. Design Rupture Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671. Shear Rupture Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672. Tension Rupture Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673. Block Shear Rupture Strength. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67J5. Connecting Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681. Eccentric Connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682. Design Strength of Connecting Elements in Tension . . . . . . . . . 683. Other Connecting Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68J6. Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69J7. Splices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69J8. Bearing Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69J9. Column Bases and Bearing on Concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70J10. Anchor Rods and Embedments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70K. CONCENTRATED FORCES, PONDING, AND FATIGUE. . . . . . . . . 71K1. Flanges and Webs with Concentrated Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711. Design Basis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712. Flange Local Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713. Web Local Yielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724. Web Crippling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725. Web Sidesway Buckling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736. Web Compression Buckling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747. Web Panel-Zone Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758. Unframed Ends of Beams and Girders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769. Additional Stiffener Requirements for Concentrated Forces . . . . . 7610. Additional Doubler Plate Requirements for Concentrated Forces . . 76K2. Ponding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77K3. Design for Cyclic Loading (Fatigue). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77L. SERVICEABILITY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79L1. Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79L2. Expansion and Contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79L3. Deflections, Vibration, and Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791. Deflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792. Floor Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793. Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79L4. Connection Slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80L5. Corrosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80M. FABRICATION, ERECTION, AND QUALITY CONTROL . . . . . . . . 81M1. Shop Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81M2. Fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811. Cambering, Curving, and Straightening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812. Thermal Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813. Planing of Edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81<strong>LRFD</strong> Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, December 27, 1999AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
Page 1 and 2: LOAD AND RESISTANCEFACTOR DESIGNSPE
Page 3: iiCopyright © 2000byAmerican Insti
Page 6 and 7: vTABLE OF CONTENTSSYMBOLS . . . . .
Page 10 and 11: TABLE OF CONTENTSixSPECIFICATION (C
Page 12 and 13: TABLE OF CONTENTSxiCOMMENTARY (Cont
Page 18 and 19: SYMBOLSxviistrength (for those stee
Page 20 and 21: SYMBOLSxixS eff Effective section m
Page 22 and 23: SYMBOLSxxit s Web stiffener thickne
Page 24 and 25: xxiiiGLOSSARYAlignment chart for co
Page 26 and 27: GLOSSARYxxvEffective moment of iner
Page 28 and 29: GLOSSARYxxviiLateral bracing member
Page 30 and 31: GLOSSARYxxixPost-buckling strength.
Page 32 and 33: GLOSSARYxxxiStrain-hardening strain
Page 34 and 35: 1CHAPTER AGENERAL PROVISIONSA1. SCO
Page 36 and 37: Sect. A3.] MATERIAL 3Cold-Formed We
Page 38 and 39: Sect. A3.] MATERIAL 5ASTM A449 bolt
Page 40 and 41: Sect. A6.] REFERENCED CODES AND STA
Page 42 and 43: Sect. A7.] DESIGN DOCUMENTS 9tion A
Page 44 and 45: Sect. B4.] STABILITY 11(a) When the
Page 46 and 47: Sect. B10.] PROPORTIONS OF BEAMS AN
Page 48 and 49: Sect. B10.] PROPORTIONS OF BEAMS AN
Page 50 and 51: 17Chap. CCHAPTER CFRAMES AND OTHER
Page 52 and 53: Sect. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 19all
Page 54 and 55: Sect. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 214. B
Page 56 and 57: Sect. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 231.0;
Page 58 and 59:
Sect. D3.] PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS AN
Page 60 and 61:
27Chap. ECHAPTER ECOLUMNS AND OTHER
Page 62 and 63:
Sect. E4.] BUILT-UP MEMBERS 29(a) F
Page 64 and 65:
31Chap. FCHAPTER FBEAMS AND OTHER F
Page 66 and 67:
Sect. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 33Lp=
Page 68 and 69:
Sect. F2.] DESIGN FOR SHEAR 35Lpd
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37Chap. GCHAPTER GPLATE GIRDERSI-sh
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Sect. H3.] ALTERNATIVE INTERACTION
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Sect. I2.] COMPRESSION MEMBERS 41ti
Page 76 and 77:
Sect. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 434. Lo
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Sect. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 45welde
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Sect. I5.] SHEAR CONNECTORS 47A c =
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49Chap. JCHAPTER JCONNECTIONS, JOIN
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Sect. J1.] GENERAL PROVISIONS 518.
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Sect. J2.] WELDS 53Welding ProcessT
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Sect. J2.] WELDS 55For end-loaded f
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Sect. J2.] WELDS 57Types of Weld an
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Sect. J3.] BOLTS AND THREADED PARTS
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
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Sect. J4.] DESIGN RUPTURE STRENGTH
Page 102 and 103:
Sect. J8.] BEARING STRENGTH 69J6. F
Page 104 and 105:
71Chap. KCHAPTER KCONCENTRATED FORC
Page 106 and 107:
Sect. K1.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CO
Page 108 and 109:
For P u 0.4P yR v = 0.60F y d c t
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Sect. K3.] DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADIN
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79Chap. LCHAPTER LSERVICEABILITY DE
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81Chap. MCHAPTER MFABRICATION, EREC
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Sect. M4.] ERECTION 83(2) Bottom su
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Sect. M5.] QUALITY CONTROL 85The fa
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Sect. N3.] EVALUATION BY STRUCTURAL
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89App. BAPPENDIX BDESIGN REQUIREMEN
Page 124 and 125:
App. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 914kc=h/tw
Page 126 and 127:
App. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 93é0.877
Page 128 and 129:
App. E3.] DESIGN COMPRESSIVE STRENG
Page 130 and 131:
App. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 97For
Page 132 and 133:
App. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 99TABL
Page 134 and 135:
App. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 101Cri
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App. F3.] WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS 103j
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App. F3.] WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS 105Fw
Page 140 and 141:
107App. GAPPENDIX GPLATE GIRDERSThi
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App. G3.] DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH 109
Page 144 and 145:
App. G5.] FLEXURE-SHEAR INTERACTION
Page 146 and 147:
App. H3.] ALTERNATIVE INTERACTION E
Page 148 and 149:
115App. JAPPENDIX JCONNECTIONS, JOI
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App. J3.] BOLTS AND THREADED PARTS
Page 152 and 153:
App. K2.] PONDING 119æçMetric:lC
Page 154 and 155:
App. K3.] DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADING
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
NUMERICAL VALUES 141TABLE 2ItemShap
Page 176 and 177:
NUMERICAL VALUES 143Klr123456789101
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NUMERICAL VALUES 145TABLE 3-50Desig
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NUMERICAL VALUES 147TABLE 4Values o
Page 182 and 183:
NUMERICAL VALUES 149TABLE 5 (cont
Page 184 and 185:
NUMERICAL VALUES 151TABLE 7Values o
Page 186 and 187:
NUMERICAL VALUES 153f vVAwnTABLE 8-
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
NUMERICAL VALUES 157hf vVAwnTABLE 9
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
NUMERICAL VALUES 161ht wf vVAwnTABL
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163COMMENTARYon the Load and Resist
Page 198 and 199:
Comm. A2.] TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 16
Page 200 and 201:
Comm. A3.] MATERIAL 167and Chen, 19
Page 202 and 203:
Comm. A3.] MATERIAL 169than the ant
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Comm. A4.] LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATI
Page 206 and 207:
Comm. A5.] DESIGN BASIS 173where =
Page 208 and 209:
Comm. A5.] DESIGN BASIS 175( )bsln(
Page 210 and 211:
177Comm. BCHAPTER BDESIGN REQUIREME
Page 212 and 213:
Comm. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 179(c) Al
Page 214 and 215:
Comm. B5.] LOCAL BUCKLING 181load.
Page 216 and 217:
Comm. B7.] LIMITING SLENDERNESS RAT
Page 218 and 219:
Comm. C1.] SECOND ORDER EFFECTS 185
Page 220 and 221:
Comm. C1.] SECOND ORDER EFFECTS 187
Page 222 and 223:
Comm. C2.] FRAME STABILITY 189Buckl
Page 224 and 225:
Comm. C2.] FRAME STABILITY 191Notes
Page 226 and 227:
Comm. C2.] FRAME STABILITY 193Where
Page 228 and 229:
Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 195age
Page 230 and 231:
Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 197pla
Page 232 and 233:
Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 199The
Page 234 and 235:
Comm. C3.] STABILITY BRACING 201Par
Page 236 and 237:
203Comm. ECHAPTER ECOLUMNS AND OTHE
Page 238 and 239:
Comm. E4.] BUILT-UP MEMBERS 205TABL
Page 240 and 241:
Comm. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 207ha
Page 242 and 243:
Comm. F1.] DESIGN FOR FLEXURE 2092b
Page 244 and 245:
Comm. F4.] BEAMS AND GIRDERS WITH W
Page 246 and 247:
Comm. H2.] UNSYMMETRIC MEMBERS AND
Page 248 and 249:
Comm. I2.] COMPRESSION MEMBERS 215d
Page 250 and 251:
Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 217may
Page 252 and 253:
Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 219The
Page 254 and 255:
Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 221wher
Page 256 and 257:
Comm. I3.] FLEXURAL MEMBERS 223proc
Page 258 and 259:
Comm. I4.] COMBINED COMPRESSION AND
Page 260 and 261:
Comm. I5.] SHEAR CONNECTORS 227tal
Page 262 and 263:
229Comm. JCHAPTER JCONNECTIONS, JOI
Page 264 and 265:
Comm. J1.] GENERAL PROVISIONS 231 P
Page 266 and 267:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 2332b. Limitations
Page 268 and 269:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 235When longitudin
Page 270 and 271:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 237due to cyclic f
Page 272 and 273:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 239(b) Plane 2-2,
Page 274 and 275:
Comm. J3.] BOLTS AND THREADED PARTS
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Comm. J4.] DESIGN RUPTURE STRENGTH
Page 282 and 283:
249Comm. KCHAPTER KCONCENTRATED FOR
Page 284 and 285:
Comm. K1.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CO
Page 286 and 287:
Comm. K1.] FLANGES AND WEBS WITH CO
Page 288 and 289:
Comm. K2.] PONDING 255Even on the b
Page 290 and 291:
257Comm. LCHAPTER LSERVICEABILITY D
Page 292 and 293:
Comm. L5.] CORROSION 259orthotropic
Page 294 and 295:
Comm. M4.] ERECTION 261It is sugges
Page 296 and 297:
Comm. N4.] EVALUATION BY LOAD TESTS
Page 298 and 299:
Comm. N5.] EVALUATION REPORT 265N5.
Page 300 and 301:
267Comm. A-EAPPENDIX ECOLUMNS AND O
Page 302 and 303:
Comm. App. F3.] WEB-TAPERED MEMBERS
Page 304 and 305:
271Comm. A-GAPPENDIX GPLATE GIRDERS
Page 306 and 307:
273Comm. A-KAPPENDIX JCONNECTIONS,
Page 308 and 309:
Comm. J2.] WELDS 275found to be con
Page 310 and 311:
Comm. K3.] DESIGN FOR CYCLIC LOADIN
Page 312 and 313:
279ReferencesAckroyd, M. H., and Ge
Page 314 and 315:
REFERENCES 281Bjorhovde, R. (1972),
Page 316 and 317:
REFERENCES 283Fielding, D. J., and
Page 318 and 319:
REFERENCES 285Johnson, D. L. (1985)
Page 320 and 321:
REFERENCES 287Ollgaard, J. G., Slut
Page 322 and 323:
REFERENCES 289Zhou, S. P., and Chen
Page 324 and 325:
SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY 291Kotec
Page 326 and 327:
Metric Conversion Factors for Commo
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