—assigned aparticular dish—meat loaf, lamb chops, fish, roastchicken, spaghetti and meatballs, roast beef, and tuna casserole.Italian-American Jimmy Andruzzi, aNew York fireman whosurvived the World Trade Center tragedy, isthe one who cooksAmerica's foodhas becomeaconstantlychanging blendoí native andforeign ingredientsand techniquescoupledwith the mostamazing ingredientsoí allAmerican ingenuityand energy.all the meals in his firehouse at 13th Street and Fourth Avenue.Unlike his mother's totally Italian recipes, his are more Italian-American and just American. He cooks in between calls for firesand bakes his mother's meatballs rather than frying them. AnIndian woman married to a Korean man living in WashingtonHeights, New York, is a vegetarian. She makes a not-so-traditionalgrilled cheese sandwich with chickpeas, tomatoes, and theIndian spice combination, garam másala. Because there is notmuch cheese 111 India and that used is not so tasty, the "sandwich"as it existed in India contained no cheese. Since immigratingto America, she has added cheddar cheese to her recipe.These diverse traditions haw also changed the way Americanseat on the run. Quesadillas, dosas, and empanadas are eaten quicklyby busy people. With mass production, thev have become everydayfood m this country." These were foods that took time, individuallymade, and are ironically harder to prepare at home but easierin mass production," said Bob Rosenberg, a food consultant andformer CEO of Dunkin' Donuts. for example, California-bornGary MacGurn of the East Hampton Chutney Company spent 12years in .\n ashram in India before opening a small carryout in EastHampton, New York Gary's paper-thin white lentil and rice-baseddosas, which he loved while living 111 India, are tilled with such"cross-cultural- American" ingredientsasbarbecued chicken, arugula,roasted asparagus, ami teta cheeseAt the same time, traditions persist.Delicious authentic [amaican rumcakes, perfected bv awoman amiher daughter who have not changedthen[amaican blend tor Americantastes, have more "kick" than thosefrequently eaten inthis country.While many people bring traditionalrecipes out tor special occasions, thiswoman features her [amaican ruincake at her restaurant 111 Brooklyn.Sally Chow cooks asteak, string bean,and tofu stir-fry inMississippiSMITHSONIAN FOLKLIFE FESTIVAL
GRASSROOTS SUSTAINABILITYSupplying the creative cooks, urban markets,and rows of ethnic restaurants are an expandinggroup of innovative growers. Over the lastfour decades, farmers such as Ohio's Lee Jonesand his Chef's Garden have pioneered newmodelsfor agriculture. During that period,for cultural, culinary, environmental, health,and economic reasons many diets, environmentalists,and growers became advocates[21for locally grown, seasonal, sustainable, andorganic food. Today, these models ot agriculturehave entered the mainstream throughgrocery stores, farmers markets, and restaurants,altering the American food landscape.The backdrop for this shift in growingmethods is the consolidation ot American agriculturefrom family farms to a corporate, chemicallybased commodity model. During the middleof the 20th century, the American family farmfellinto steep decline under pressure from .\nexpanding national food market. Chemical fertilizers,mechanization, and hybrid seeds engineeredto resist disease and increase vields allowed farmersto produce more food. Highway transportationFour Season Farm in Harborside, Maine.We allknow that Americans did not alwayshave such broad tastes. As one person told me, "1was so glad that there was intermarriage into myNew England family, because the food had toget better." No longer can a sociologist write asPaul Fussell did in his 1983 book Class:A Cuidethrough the American Status System, "Spicy effectsmade iteasier to ship food great distances withinthe United States. Combined, these factors tiltedAmerican agriculture to a commodity productionmodel that favored uniformity, transportability,and high yield. This model developed atthe expense of crop diversity and small-scale localproduction—more common modes ot agriculturethroughout the 1 Nth and [9th centuries.Over time, the commodity model shiftedreturn near the bottom of the status ladder,control from farmer to processor. With alargewhere 'ethnic' items begin to appear: 1'ohshnumber of tanners producing the same cropssausage, hot pickles and the like. This istheacross the country, processors— companies thatmain reason the middle class abjures such tastes,believing them associated with low people,non-Anglo-Saxon foreigners, recent immigrantsand such riff-raff, who can almost always beidentified by their fondness tor unambiguousturn corn into corn chips, tor example—hadmain suppliers from which to choose. Asfarmers achieved higher and higher yields, pricessank. This spurred a continual consolidationof farms as family farms went bankrupt underand un-genteel flavors." Today, Americans likethe strainof higher equipment costs and fallingithot (in varying degrees), and Asian stir-tryvegetables and rice are as American as grilledsteak, baked potatoes, and corn on the cob.commodity prices. Larger corporate farmscould sustain greater levels of capital investment111 machinery and survive on high volume.FOOD CULTURE USA
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70]COASTAL CRAFTSMANSHIPAND GLOBAL
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[72]Although the oldismaking way fo
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AN OMANI FOLKTALEASYAH AL-BUALYOman
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y%aMUSIC AND DANCE INOMANOMAN CENTR
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In the southern Dhufar region, al-b
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ecosystems, identification of plant
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2:00IIIVorkshopFESTIVAL SCHEDULE (P
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Rhythm,Saturday, June 25 (Programs
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1:00IIlamFriday, July 1 (Programs a
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EVENING CONCERTSSounds of the Fores
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theRELATED EVENTS[96]Nuestra Músic
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IIDónalas Anderson,Washington, D.C
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'IEd LiíDmi, Studio City, Californ
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ISudhir Seth, Bethesda, MarylandA g
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1 if 1 DumberHoneyBeehive Beeproduc
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1"''NewI >onI Lui\IDon Bustos,Espa
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Ian Barlow, White Bird,Idaho; Woodl
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I 'istnet1Gordon Grant,Corvallis, O
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Kristen Marline, Flagstaff,Arizona;
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I1 ountries,IIHistorie Site, once t
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1IworksI1 11Istations are vital to
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1'IenIpanderetas;JCJ Band. Washingt
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Ralph Rinzlersongs are "made" (or c
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I >cmseI VhorahII MiI lameEne Nance
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|i 2forIIBartlevy1 )oerr;IIParadeSP
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II AerialIIII1Washington and Jeffer
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Stack, Bill Stafford, loni Stafford
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SMITHSONIAN FOLKLIFE FESTIVAL 20051
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SMITHSONIAN FOLKLIFE FESTIVAL 2005B
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Smithsonian Folklife FestivalSMITHS