Innovation and Ontologies

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Multimethodological Background 199 1 Multimethodological Background This chapter introduces fundamentals of the empirical approach to the OntoGate, actionoriented ontology engineering and the meta perspective of Design Science. The methods suggested by the community of ontologists are mainly action-oriented and derived from a specific development process for an application. Design Science can ease this problem by providing a more generic approach. Section 1.1 presents the most renowned methods for ontology development as well as for ontology evaluation. The more theoretical approach of Design Science to artifact development is subsequently described (cf. section 1.2). An overview of the research field and its principles is completed by two examples which link the scientific concept to the topics of my research. � At the end of this chapter, the two foundations of ontology development and evaluation for this research have been elaborated. 1.1 Ontology Engineering […] theoretical principles for the design and development of ontologies meeting the goals of generality and detail remain weak. (Batemann, 1991) Since John Bateman has made the introductory statement in 1991, nearly twenty years have passed. In the meantime, major progress has been made which is subsequently described. The first subsection gives an overview on the variety of methodologies used for ontology engineering (cf. subsection 1.1.1). Early, conceptual approaches to ontology development (cf. 1.1.1.1) as well as recent practical guidelines (cf. 1.1.1.5) are presented, rules for top-level modeling (cf. 1.1.1.2) as well as support for the development of the bottom and middle layer (cf. 1.1.1.6) are provided. Regarding geographic coverage – the methodologies of 1.1.1.2 and 1.1.1.4 have been developed in Europe. The method presented in paragraph 1.1.1.6 is from Japan, while the others originated in America – these methods represent the variety of methodologies developed for ontology engineering. Subsection 1.1.2 is dedicated to the methodologies elaborated for ontology evaluation. Although evaluation is necessarily part of any application development process, it is set separately as distinct efforts have been dedicated to the field. In the subsequent table 51, I give an overview on the subsequently presented approaches. Double ticks indicate that the features are treated explicitly in the methodology, singles stand for indirect reference.
200 Multimethodological Background Author(s) Lenat & Guha Overview on Ontology Engineering Approaches Gómez- Pérez et al. Uschold, King et al. Fox & Grueninger Noy & Mc Guiness Sure, Studer et al. Edgington et al. Mizoguchi Year 1989/ 90 1997 1996 1992 2001 2002 2004 2004 Based on Cyc Reference (Lenat, 1989; Guha & Lenat, 1990; Lenat & Guha, 1990; Lenat et al., 1990) Methontology (Fernández -López, Gómez- Pérez & Juristo, 1997) Enterprise Ontology (Uschold & Grueninger, 1996; Uschold et al., 1998;) TOVE - (Fox, 1992; Grueninger & Fox, 1995) (Noy & McGuinness, 2001) on-toknowledge ontology (Sure & Studer, 2002; Sure, Staab & Studer, 2004) ontology at Intel (Edgington et al., 2004) functional ontology (Kitamura & Mizoguchi, 2004) Steps Problem discovery �� Use cases �� Competency questions Reuse of existing ontologies �� Specification � �� Knowledge Acquisition �� Top down �� Bottom up �� Informal ontology �� Semi-formal ontology �� Formal ontology �� Iteration with users �� Proof of soundness & completeness Technological evaluation Maintenance & evolution Parallel activities Documentation � �� Management/ support activities � �� legend: �� explicitly mentioned; � implicitly mentioned, i.e. can be derived table 51 Overview on ontology engineering approaches
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Angelika C. Bullinger Innovation an
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Angelika C. Bullinger Innovation an
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in memoriam Paula Bullinger 1912 -
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Acknowledgements IX Acknowledgement
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Contents XIII Contents Preface ....
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Contents XV 2.2� E-Business (B2B)
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Contents XVII 2.2� Design Science
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Abbreviations XIX Abbreviations AI
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Figures XXI Figures figure 1� �
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Figures XXIII figure 59� Two-dime
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Figures XXV figure 120� Formal re
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XXVIII Tables table 27� Guideline
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XXX Tables table 87� Relations of
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2 Point of Departure During past ye
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4 Research Objectives and Structure
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6 Outline of Thesis Critical assess
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8 Part I Roadmap for the Fuzzy Fron
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10 Innovation 1 Innovation The foll
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12 Innovation By evaluation of tech
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14 Innovation 1.2 Types of Innovati
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16 Innovation A product innovation
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18 Innovation Process innovations a
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20 Innovation � Focus of this res
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22 Innovation figure 8 Some areas a
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24 Innovation 1.3.1 Holistic Innova
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26 Innovation figure 10 Elements of
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28 Innovation 1.3.2.1 R&D Managemen
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30 Innovation R&D management is par
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32 Innovation As the participating
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Roadmap for the Fuzzy Front End 33
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The Fuzzy Front End 35 2.1 The Fuzz
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The Fuzzy Front End 37 2.1.2 Manage
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The Fuzzy Front End 39 Kornwachs (1
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The Fuzzy Front End 41 Innovative i
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The Fuzzy Front End 43 Academia has
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The Fuzzy Front End 45 2.1.4.3 Char
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The Fuzzy Front End 47 2.1.4.4 Rule
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Ideation 49 Internal sources of ide
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Ideation 51 � figure 19 Process o
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Ideation 53 figure 21 External infl
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Ideation 55 Such innovative diversi
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Ideation 57 Sources of Ideas Relate
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Ideation 59 By the use of this meth
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Ideation 61 Scientific Publications
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Ideation 63 Properties and values o
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Ideation 65 Integration of such inn
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Concept Gate 67 Otherwise, when pre
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Concept Gate 69 A majority of large
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Concept Gate 71 Furthermore, the co
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Concept Gate 73 A positive impact 9
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Concept Gate 75 Besides diverse fun
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Concept Gate 77 2.3.3 Methods for t
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Concept Gate 79 Sample Criteria for
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Concept Gate 81 The predefined weig
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Concept Gate 83 2.3.3.2 Holistic Ap
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Concept Gate 85 Besides the aspects
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Concept Gate 87 Drawbacks can arise
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Concept Development 89 During Conce
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Concept Development 91 There are th
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Concept Development 93 Following Ge
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Concept Development 95 2.4.1.2 Coop
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Concept Development 97 To focus on
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Concept Development 99 2.4.2.2 Morp
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Concept Development 101 The five ph
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Innovation Gate 103 2.4.3 Support A
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Innovation Gate 105 The gate meetin
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Innovation Gate 107 2.5.2 Methods f
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Innovation Gate 109 figure 33 House
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Innovation Gate 111 External Evalua
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Innovation Gate 113 The roadmap is
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Innovation Gate 115 Economic assess
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Innovation Gate 117 Elements Detail
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Innovation Gate 119 The easiest (an
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Innovation Gate 121 Benchmarking Be
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Innovation Gate 123 Additionally, t
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Innovation Gate 125 Transaction In
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Innovation Gate 127 On the other ha
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Summary of FFE Roadmap 129 3 Summar
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Summary of FFE Roadmap 131 Strategi
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Principles 163 4.1.1.1 Classes As l
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Principles 165 The (sub)class ‘sa
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Languages 167 4.2 Languages The sel
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Languages 169 figure 54 Ontology ma
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Languages 171 When specifying an on
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Ontology in Philosophy 135 The foll
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Ontology in Philosophy 137 The mean
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Ontologies in Information Science 1
Page 176 and 177: Ontologies in Information Science 1
Page 178 and 179: Deployment in Business 143 2 Deploy
Page 180 and 181: Enterprise Ontologies 145 The Enter
Page 182 and 183: Enterprise Ontologies 147 2.1.3 E-B
Page 184 and 185: E-Business (B2B) Ontologies 149 Ont
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Page 188 and 189: Management Ontologies 153 RosettaNe
Page 190 and 191: Management Ontologies 155 The catal
Page 192 and 193: Management Ontologies 157 figure 51
Page 194 and 195: Note on Deployment in Other Areas 1
Page 196 and 197: Potential of Ontologies 161 As the
Page 198 and 199: 198 Part III Design Science Ontolog
Page 200 and 201: Existing Classifications 173 As the
Page 202 and 203: Existing Classifications 175 To sum
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Page 206 and 207: Existing Classifications 179 5.1.5
Page 208 and 209: Existing Classifications 181 5.1.7
Page 210 and 211: Subject matter 183 5.2.2 Task Ontol
Page 212 and 213: Subject matter 185 General ontologi
Page 214 and 215: Formality 187 On the contrary, an o
Page 216 and 217: Formality 189 5.3.2 Semi-Informal a
Page 218 and 219: Expressiveness 191 Consequently, tw
Page 220 and 221: Expressiveness 193 Wielinga et al.
Page 222 and 223: Expressiveness 195 The distinction
Page 224 and 225: 254 Part IV Results: The OntoGate T
Page 228 and 229: Ontology Engineering 201 1.1.1 Syno
Page 230 and 231: Ontology Engineering 203 The method
Page 232 and 233: Ontology Engineering 205 The method
Page 234 and 235: Ontology Engineering 207 1.1.1.4.2
Page 236 and 237: Ontology Engineering 209 1.1.1.5 On
Page 238 and 239: Ontology Engineering 211 1.1.2 Stat
Page 240 and 241: Ontology Engineering 213 1.1.2.3 G
Page 242 and 243: Design Science 215 1.1.2.4 Evaluati
Page 244 and 245: Design Science 217 For this thesis,
Page 246 and 247: Design Science 219 1.2.2.3 An Infor
Page 248 and 249: Design Science 221 Justify refers t
Page 250 and 251: Design Science 223 The following fi
Page 252 and 253: Design Science 225 Foundation, clos
Page 254 and 255: Design Science 227 Based on the pre
Page 256 and 257: Empirical Approach 229 2 Empirical
Page 258 and 259: Research Methodology 231 For purpos
Page 260 and 261: Research Methodology 233 The lifecy
Page 262 and 263: Research Methodology 235 2.1.3 Fiel
Page 264 and 265: Design Science Ontology Lifecycle 2
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Design Science Ontology Lifecycle 2
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Design Science Ontology Lifecycle 2
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256 Results of Prepare 1 Results of
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258 Results of Prepare As motivatin
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260 Results of Develop/ Build 2.2 K
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262 Results of Develop/ Build 2.2.1
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264 Results of Develop/ Build The w
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268 Results of Develop/ Build manag
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270 Results of Develop/ Build Its t
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272 Results of Develop/ Build A dis
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278 Results of Develop/ Build Due t
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284 Results of Develop/ Build Outpu
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286 Results of Develop/ Build figur
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296 Results of Develop/ Build Core
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298 Results of Develop/ Build Visua
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300 Results of Develop/ Build Inter
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304 Results of Develop/ Build Relat
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306 Results of Develop/ Build Excer
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308 Results of Develop/ Build Slots
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310 Results of Develop/ Build Negat
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314 Results of Develop/ Build Insta
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320 Results of Develop/ Build Insta
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324 Results of Justify/ Evaluate 3
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326 Results of Justify/ Evaluate fi
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Conclusion 335 Conclusion Concludin
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Résumé 337 2 Résumé The conclus
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Résumé 339 2.2 Empirical Findings
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Résumé 341 This discussion is bas
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Résumé 343 The twofold evaluation
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Outlook 345 Concerning the potentia
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Annex 347 Annex 1 Glossary of Infor
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Glossary of Informal Taxonomy 349 d
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Glossary of Informal Taxonomy 351 l
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Glossary of Informal Taxonomy 353 q
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References 355 2 References Abecker
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References 357 Avesani, P., Giunchi
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References 359 Erprobung innovative
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References 361 Brockhoff, K. (2006)
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References 363 Cooper, R. G. (1994)
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References 365 Dean, B. V. & Goldha
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References 367 Ernst, H. (2004). Vi
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References 369 Franke, N. & Braun,
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References 371 Gerhards, A. (2002).
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References 373 González, R. G. (in
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References 375 Hannah, D. R. (2004)
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References 377 Herstatt, C. & Sande
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References 379 Husserl, E. (1965).
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References 381 Kobe, C. (2006). Tec
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References 383 Lindgren, M. & Bandh
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References 385 McBride, B. (2004a).
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References 387 Noy, N. F. & Hafner,
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References 389 Porter, M. E. (2004)
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References 391 Ruiz, F. & et. al. (
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References 393 Seidl, I. (1993). Un
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References 395 Staudt, E. (Ed.) (19
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References 397 Turner, J. R. & Muel
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References 399 Vet, P. E. van der &
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References 401 Witte, E. (1978). Un
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Index 403 3 Index A� action plan,
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Index 405 I� Ideation, 5, 7, 8, 3
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Index 407 S� scenario, 55, 60, 90
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Innovation and Ontologies

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