O R A L P R A C T I C E Lessons 1 - 25 - Shenker

Grammar Notes
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9
Words and Expressions
VARIOUS PERSONAL ARTICLES (a briefcase / a wallet / a purse / a handbag /
a key ring / a cigarette lighter)
JEWELLERY (a ring / a bracelet / a necklace / a pin / a brooch / a pair of earrings)
ITEMS OF LUGGAGE (a suitcase / a beauty case / a cabin bag / a shoulder bag / a rucksack / a backpack /
a trunk / baggage (singular) / luggage (singular))
EXPRESSIONS (How's work? / I haven't seen you for ages! / How long has it been? / A couple of years, I
suppose. / For a while. / For ages. / All my life.)
Examples in Grammar Notes
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9
infinitive - past tense - past participle
I've always wanted a Chronex.
I haven't seen you for ages.
to be / to have
How long has she known him?
I know you think I'm crazy.
Oral Practice 22
She met him yesterday. / She has known him since yesterday.
I've never been able to afford one.
We only met yesterday.
the "three forms" of verbs
formation of the present perfect
use of the present perfect with "since" and "for"
three forms of "be" and "have"
use of "How long…?" with the present perfect
indicative in English translates subjunctive in Italian
"meet" and "know" ("conoscere")
"can" and "be able to"; "afford"
use of "only"
want, wanted / work, worked / live, lived / see, saw, seen / know, knew, known / write, wrote, written
/ speak, spoke, spoken / Halley's comet was seen in 1910 and 1986. / The days of the week are
written with a capital letter.
I have worked / I've worked / he has worked / he's worked / they have arrived / they've arrived /
she has arrived / she's arrived / Have you seen him? / Has he written? / We have not seen him. /
We haven't seen him. / He has not written. / He hasn't written. / They are arrived. / She is arrived.
Frank has worked for Dalton Data since January. / Helen has known Mark for twenty-four hours. /
We haven't seen Paul since 1996. / I've worked for this company for fifteen years. / since January /
since 1996 / for twenty-four hours / for fifteen years
I have been, I've been / she has been, she's been / we have been, we've been / you have had,
you've had / he has had, he's had / they have had, they've had / We've been here since eight o'clock
this morning. / Michael's been a member of our club since last May. / My uncle has had that old
Ford for twenty years. / I've had this cold for a week now. /
How long have you had that car? / I've had it for two years. / How long has Italy been a republic?
/ Since 1946. / How long have you lived in London? / I've lived here all my life. / I haven't seen you
for ages! / How long has it been? / That's a nice briefcase. Is it new? / No, I've had it for a while.
// For how long... ?
Don't you think I'm right? / No, I'm afraid you're wrong. / They thought we were Swedish. / I didn't
know you spoke Russian.
Have you met my friend Jean? / We met last year, in Paris. / Nice to meet you. / I know him very
well. / We knew them very well. / I've known her for ages. / Do you know John's wife? / No, I've
never met her. / What time shall we meet? / Let's meet at two.
Can you do it today? / No, but I can do it tomorrow. / I'll be able to do it tomorrow. / How long
will you be able to stay? / I'm afraid we won't be able to stay very long. / I've never been able to
afford a trip to America. / You should go to Australia. / I could never afford it. / We can't afford to
miss this opportunity.
We can't afford to go to that restaurant. / We've only got twenty thousand lire in cash. / It's only six
o'clock. / We've got time for a drink before dinner.