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NACOMA Project - Preparation phaseRapid Assessment of the Development Plans, Biodiversity Conservation Projects and Socio-Economic Situation of the Namib Coastal RegionsReport to the Fifth Conference of Parties on Implementation of CBD 28 remarked that despiteconsultation of Government ministries, NGOs, parastatals, unions, private sector companies, grassrootsorganisations and interested persons, the dialogue for the NBSAP centred in Windhoek and the largestcontribution was from technical specialists. Nevertheless, the NBSAP outlines the country’s priorities interms of biodiversity conservation and therefore NACOMA should build on it and support activities thatconverge with NACOMA’s objectives.The Biodiversity Task Force has reached the end of its mandate, but a follow up programme is plannedthat will merge the two programmes that created the Task Force, namely the Biodiversity Programmeand the Desertification Programme. This new programme will focus on the use of natural resources andbio-trade and desert research and planning 29 . However, with the merging of the two programmes thefunding available for implementation of the NBSAP has been significantly reduced and the preparationof a shorter programme including NBSAP’s highest priorities will start in November 2004 30 .One constraint to biodiversity conservation and coastal management is the lack of baseline data on thediversity and ecology of most Namibian flora and fauna, with important consequences on theconservation status of most groups of species. Only a small number (possibly as little as 20%) ofNamibia’s wildlife species have been described to date. Of the 13,637 species that have been described,almost 19% are endemic or unique to Namibia. This high prevalence of endemic species is mostpronounced in the Namib Desert and pro-Namib transition zone 31 , which highlights the need forscientific research in the coastal zone. The creation of the Sperrgebiet Protected Area, formerlyinaccessible to scientists, opens the way for scientific research about the Succulent Karoo ecosystem.3.1.2. Protected AreasThe protected areas in Namibia are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. MET has drawn management plans formost of the coastal protected areas, yet stakeholder involvement in the process was poor 32 . The processtowards proclamation of the Sperrgebiet as a protected area has been more participatory and the LandUse Plan that has recently been prepared is considered to reflect the views of multiple stakeholders 33 .MET’s goal is to have management plans that include zoning of the area and tourism development plansin place for all protected areas, such as the plans that have been prepared for the Namib Naukluft Park 34 .The UNDP Protected Areas Project concentrates on development plans for the parks and strengtheningcapacity of ministry staff to manage the parks. It is based on the recognition that the financial gainsfrom the parks need to be increased, as well as the benefits accrued to neighbours and Namibia as awhole.All developments in protected areas are required to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA). MET has a “Policy for prospecting and mining in protected areas and national monuments” 35 , but28 Barnard, P. and T. Shikongo, 2000. Namibia’s National Report to the Fifth Conference of Parties on Implementationof the Convention on Biological Diversity. Namibian National Biodiversity Programme, Directorate of EnvironmentalAffairs, Ministry of Environment and Tourism.29 Barnes, J., 2004. Personal communication, Windhoek, 18 August 2004.30 Shikongo, S., 2004. Personal communication, Windhoek, 16 October 2004.31 Government of the Republic of Namibia, 2004. Namibia Vision 2030. Policy framework for long-term nationaldevelopment: main <strong>report</strong>, pp l-248.32 The poor level of public consultation has been frequently referred to in several conversations, including with Barnard,P., 2004. Personal communication, Cape Town, 8 September 2004; and at the NACOMA preparation workshop held inSwakopmund.33 Beytell, B. 2004. Personal communication, Windhoek, 13 October 2004.34 Beytell, B. 2004. Personal communication, Windhoek, 13 October 2004.35 Ministry of Environment and Tourism, 1999a. Policy for prospecting and mining in protected areas and nationalmonuments. Policy Document. Ministry of Environment and Tourism, pp 1-10.14
NACOMA Project - Preparation phaseRapid Assessment of the Development Plans, Biodiversity Conservation Projects and Socio-Economic Situation of the Namib Coastal Regionsadequate legal provisions for mining activities are lacking and are expected to be included in theforthcoming Environmental Management Act 36 . There is also a suggestion to compel mining companiesto deposit a percentage of total investment to be used in conservation and rehabilitation of mined areas.MET has written a Parks and Neighbours Policy and the evolving concession framework makesprovisions for the communities living inside and adjacent to protected areas. MET is currentlyresponsible for the allocation of concessions in protected areas and communal land. The initial tourismconcessions were allocated on the basis of applications that were submitted to the government beforeand/or in the first year of Independence. These concessions were automatically renewable and are stillin the hands of the first concessionaries. In this context and also because the Tourism Policy does notaddress the issue of concessions and there is no formal tendering process or adequate policy guidelinesfor tourism as well as hunting concessions, MET decided to change the tourism concessions policy 37and the new “Policy Framework for Concessions in Proclaimed Protected Areas” 38 has been preparedand is ready for Cabinet approval.3.1.3. ConservanciesIncreasing emphasis has been placed in Namibia on biodiversity conservation through sustainable useoutside the protected areas. There are currently 31 conservancies in the country and 41 are expected bythe end of 2004. The creation of conservancies is consistent with a philosophy of integratingconservation with the basic development needs of local people, which also underpins the NACOMAproject. The map on Figure 3 with the location of the conservancies and shows the extent of theconservancies adjacent to the narrow strips of the Skeleton Coast Park and National West Coast TouristRecreation Area. The conservancies adjacent to the Skeleton Coast Park are considered by MET as keyto biodiversity conservation in the region while at the same time providing the link between thecommunities and the park 39 .A key part of the government’s environmental and biodiversity strategy in rural Namibia is the MET-ledNational Community-Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) Programme, which offers thepotential of extending biodiversity conservation and management beyond Namibia’s protected areasnetwork, while providing at the same time for wildlife corridors between protected areas. The‘Integrated Community-Based Ecosystem Management’ Project (ICEMA) 40 , currently at launchingstage, aims to ensure that community-based integrated ecosystem management practices are supportedby the National CBNRM framework and used by targeted conservancies.In the old system, the Ministry of Lands Resettlement and Rehabilitation (M<strong>LR</strong>R) was responsible forgranting Permissions to Occupy (PTOs) in areas outside of protected areas, either to conservancies orindividuals outside conservancy areas. According to the new system, the Regional Land Boards are36 Beytell B. 2004. Personal communication, Windhoek, 13 October 2004.37 Boonzaaier, W. and K. /Awarab, 2003. Policy Framework Options for Tourism Concessioning in Namibia. A recordof Documentary Reviews and Stakeholder Consultations and Possible Policy Options. Ministry of Environment andTourism. February 2003, pp 1-43.38 Ministry of Environment and Tourism, 2004b. Policy Framework for Concessions in Proclaimed Protected Areas. 7December 2004.39 Beytell B. 2004. Personal communication, Windhoek, 13 October 2004.40 GEF/WB, 2004. Namibia Integrated Community-Based Ecosystem Management (ICEMA) – Project Document. May2004.15
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