STATE OF THE WORLD's INDIGENOUs PEOpLEs - CINU

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EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionIndigenous peoples also point to an increase in human rights violations, evictions and conflicts due toexpropriation of ancestral lands and forests for afforestation and reforestation or biofuel plantations (soya, sugarcane, jatropha, oil palm, corn, etc.). Such projects affect whole eco-systems, placing demands on water supply,changing the face of the landscape upon which indigenous peoples depend and bringing about an associateddeclined in food security. 114The World Bank and the carbon marketAccording to the World Bank, the resources needed to tackle climate change are unprecedented compared toexisting development and global public goods financing, 115 and together with GEF, the World Bank Group (WBG)has become the leading agency in developing funding facilities aimed at adaptation and mitigation efforts. Thefirst fund—the Proto type Carbon Fund (PCF)—became operational in 2000 and, since then, two more carbon fundshave been created. The Bank also administers several funds on behalf of individual donor countries, includingItaly, the Netherlands and Spain.More recently, the World Bank has developed a new range of funding facilities, such as the Climate InvestmentFunds, 116 the Transformation Fund for Sustainable Development 117 and the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility(FCPF). Such initiatives potentially represent billions of dollars in funding for activities related to the mitigation ofglobal climate change and for adaptation to changing climatic conditions.The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF) was developed by the Bank in 2006 and 2007, together with a largerproposal for a Global Forest Partnership (GFP) which, if adopted, will have major implications for forests andforest peoples. 118 Both were launched at the UNFCCC COP 13, in Bali, in 2007, and were met with massive criticismfrom indigenous peoples.According to a survey conducted by the Forest Peoples Programme, 119 the general concerns expressed byindigenous peoples regarding the FCPF included, among other things the FCPF fails to take into account the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and does notprovide any other form of effective protection for the rights of indigenous peoples, their lands and territories; the draft proposals for “emission reduction programmes” include a variety of areas of great concern toindigenous peoples, including expansion of protected area systems, expansion of plantations, strongemphasis on law enforcement and patrolling of lands; the proposed FCPF governance structures privilege the interests of governments and business overthose of indigenous peoples, and there is a fear that indigenous peoples will be marginalized by a topdownimplementation process, as well as by the centralized forest-policy planning and design process; affected indigenous communities would have few avenues for redress in the event of conflict or violationof rights stemming from activities supported by the FCPF. 120114Working Group on Article 8(j) (2007a).115See World Bank (2007).116Two trust funds are to be created under the CIF: the Clean Technology Fund and the Strategic Climate Fund.117This is a British-funded initiative administered by the Bank.118Forest Peoples Programme (2008), 5.119Forest Peoples Programme (2008), 4.120Forest Peoples Programme (2008), 4.THE ENVIRONMENT | 117
EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionRegarding the Global Forest Partnership (GFP), concerns included, among others things, that the GFP does not recognize indigenous peoples as rights holders; it risks undermining or impoverishing indigenous forest-based livelihoods and traditional practices inforests by supporting conventional protected area systems; it would enable activities that could lead to the expropriation of indigenous peoples’ forest lands; it would deliver only minimal or token benefits to indigenous peoples and forest communities; it would marginalize indigenous peoples through top-down implementation processes, as well as by itscentralized planning and design structure; a lack of transparency and accountability in its governance arrangements does not provide indigenouspeoples and affected communities with avenues for effective involvement or representation. 121Indigenous peoples were also critical of the fact that they had been excluded from the FCPF/GFP process in spiteof the fact they are the main stakeholders in tropical and subtropical regions. In response, the World Bank heldconsultations with indigenous peoples in Asia, Latin America and Africa in early 2008.Many people, including indigenous peoples in developing countries, have questioned the logic of having amultilateral bank that has been and continues to be involved in funding the drivers of deforestation and climatechange (fossil fuel energy extraction, mining, industrial logging, industrial plantations and infrastructure—including dams, roads, oil and gas pipelines and coastal developments) fund mitigation and adaptation efforts.These critics have called upon the Bank to cease the funding of fossil fuel activities and to prevent its projectsfrom resulting in deforestation. 122REDDAt the COP meeting, a programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) waslaunched by the Norwegian government, which pledged to spend NOK 3 billion annually to support developingcountries in fighting deforestation and reducing global CO2 emissions. The REDD programme, too, has met withcriticism. It makes no reference to indigenous peoples’ rights, and it is argued that it will reinforce a centralized,top-down management of forests and undermine indigenous rights.The concerns regarding the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility and REDD were also raised at the SeventhSession of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in May 2008, where the theme was Climate Change.Recommendations related to adaptation and mitigation initiatives were made, and it was emphasized that allactions to be taken should be implemented with the participation or consent of indigenous peoples and inaccordance with the UN Declaration. In particular, it was recommended that[i]ndigenous peoples should be effectively involved in the design, implementation and evaluationof the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. Displacement and exclusion of indigenous peoplesfrom their forests, which may be triggered by projects funded by the Partnership Facility, should121Forest Peoples Programme (2008), 4.122Forest Peoples Programme (2008), 16118 | CHAPTER III
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