STATE OF THE WORLD's INDIGENOUs PEOpLEs - CINU

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EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionHolistic focus on determinants of well-beingIndividual placed in the context of the communityGovernance as its underpinning, including self-government, fiscal relationships and capacitybuildingPremised on the components of the Medicine Wheel, with the four directions articulated as spiritualand social, cultural and physical, emotional and environmental, and economic and mentalInclusive of the four cycles of the lifespan (child, youth, adult, elder)Inclusive of the three components of social capital (bonding, bridging, linkage)The indicators include the following categories: health care; education/lifelong learning; housing;community control over services/community relationships; economic development; environmentalstewardship; social services; justice; lands and resources; language/heritage/culture; employment;gender; on/away from reserve and urban/rural.Sources: Assembly of First Nations Canada (2004), (2005) and (2006), 6.Even where the political will exists to generate disaggregated data, however, the mechanisms and methodologiesfor collecting data that both give greater visibility to indigenous peoples and incorporate their participation arestill lacking. The Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues has been promoting processes to define indicators ofwell-being. Organizations such as the International Indigenous Women’s Forum/Foro Internacional de MujeresIndígenas (FIMI)—a network of indigenous women who facilitate the participation and advocacy efforts ofindigenous women in the international arena—has called for the development of analytical paradigms, researchmethodologies and training programmes that can strengthen the capacity for relevant and useful data to becollected from indigenous women.Health outcomes influenced by structures inherited from colonialismMany illnesses that have a disproportionate impact on indigenous peoples, especially problems of mentalhealth, are related to the colonialist and racist structures that cause indigenous communities to be some of thepoorest and most marginalized in the world. Not only have indigenous peoples experienced a collective historyof genocide, dispossession and dislocation, manifestations of these violent forces persist today in the form ofdevelopment aggression, forced displacement and economic exploitation. WHO has noted that “whatever thereasons—war, development, or lack of economic opportunity—the psychological consequences of dislocationare serious and often result in high rates of distress”. 40 In addition, most armed conflicts around the world arebeing waged on indigenous peoples’ territories, which contain most of the remaining sources of mineral wealth,water and biodiversity.40Cohen (1999), 9.HEALTH | 167
EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionEnvironmental contamination and degradationcontaminants fromsources such as mining,oil and gas industries, aswell as climate changeand resource depletionhave serious healthconsequences for localindigenous communitiesEnvironmental contamination and degradation are often the direct result ofviolations of the collective rights of indigenous peoples and the continuationof colonial tendencies to exploit indigenous peoples’ land and resources.The environmental contaminants from sources such as mining, oil and gasindustries, as well as climate change and resource depletion have serious healthconsequences for local indigenous communities, and neither governments nortransnational corporations seeking profit in these industries share the values ofconservation and sustainability practised by indigenous peoples for thousandsof years. In some regions such as the Arctic, the contaminants do not evenoriginate in the region; rather, “environmental contaminants such as mercury,other heavy metals, PCBs, DDT, dioxins and other organ chlorines mainlyoriginate in the mid-latitude industrial and agricultural areas of the globe buthave migrated to the Arctic via atmospheric, river and ocean transport. Theirsubsequent bio-magnification in the Arctic food-webs and appearance insubsistence foods such as fish, waterfowl, marine and land mammals, and inthe indigenous people who rely on these foods, is of great concern to Arcticresidents. Potential human health effects include damage to the developingbrain, endocrine and immune systems”. 41Use of pesticides and the health of indigenous peoplesIn 1997, the University of Arizona conducted a study into the health effectsof industrial agricultural pesticides in the homeland of the Yaqui peoplein Sonora, México, who share a common territory between the UnitedStates and Mexico. Yaquis living or working near the fields are exposedto frequent aerial spraying of pesticides. For some, their only source ofwater is contaminated irrigation canals. They carry poisons home inpesticide-soaked clothing, spreading the contamination to their families.The study detected high levels of pesticides in the cord blood of newbornsand in mothers’ milk and found birth defects, learning and developmentdisabilities, leukaemia and other severe problems in children, along withcancer and other illnesses among family members of all ages. Deathsfrom acute pesticide poisoning are increasing. U.S. tribal communitiesare also affected by contamination passed on through the food chain andthe natural environment. Dangerous pesticide use in the United Stateshas increased 33 times since 1945.Source: Guillette, Elizabeth et al. (1998), 347-353.41Statement by Alan J. Parkinson from the Arctic Investigations Programme (2006).168 | CHAPTER V
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STATE OF THE WORLD's INDIGENOUs PEOpLEs - CINU

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