STATE OF THE WORLD's INDIGENOUs PEOpLEs - CINU

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EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionBecause of this gap in terms of policies and disaggregated data, it has beendifficult for the Forum to monitor and assess in detail the many issues within itsmandate. This also negatively impacts on the ability of the Forum and ECOSOCto evaluate progress made towards integrating indigenous peoples into broaderUnited Nations goals and programmes such as the Millennium DevelopmentGoals (MDGs). The annual reviews of MDG Country Reports produced by theSecretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (SPFII) have foundthat, with few notable exceptions, indigenous peoples’ issues are not beingaddressed in these reports. Only 20-30 per cent of the reports analysed overthree years included references to indigenous peoples. Furthermore, the deskreviews have found that indigenous peoples are largely not participating inMDG processes at country level. 1 A similar review conducted by the Office ofthe High Commissioner for Human Rights’ Independent Expert on minority issuesin 2007 found that indigenous peoples were mentioned in only 10 of 50 reportsassessed. 2 In the few instances where States have collected and disaggregateddata on indigenous peoples, the statistics verify that indigenous peoples facea significantly wider gap than others in society in the eight areas identified asMDG priorities.Understanding these ethnic and cultural inequities has facilitated the ability ofsome States to implement poverty reduction strategies that positively impact onthese problems. Mexico and the Philippines are good examples of States usingdisaggregated data to address MDG priorities. In the Philippines, projects havebeen adopted to prioritize education in under-served indigenous communities(Goal 2) and literacy programmes for indigenous women and girls have beeninitiated (Goal 3). In Mexico, where disaggregated data indicated that indigenouswomen had the highest national rates of maternal mortality and that indigenouschild mortality was 300 per cent higher than the national average (Goal 4), thegovernment is undertaking specific actions to overcome the high incidence ofpreventable diseases (Goal 6) suffered by indigenous peoples in order to havean impact on infant and maternal mortality rates. 3the lack of data representsa considerable obstacleto the development andimplementation of soundpoliciesWith regard to policies, the lack of United Nations system-wide standards,policies and guidelines regarding indigenous peoples has diminished the abilityof the Forum to effectively coordinate activities relating to indigenous peoplesbetween agencies and specialized bodies, since some agencies have policiesand guidelines which require their “active engagement” with indigenous peoplesand others do not.At present five United Nations system and other intergovernmental agencieshave policies on indigenous peoples. They are: the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP), the International Fund for Agricultural Development(IFAD) the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank and the Asian1SPFII’s annual MDG Desk Reviews are available at: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/en/mdgs.html2McDougall (2007).3McDougall (2007), paras. 30-34.EMERGING ISSUES | 221
EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionDevelopment Bank. Some are working towards adopting guidelines and some include indigenous issues in theirmedium-term plans. One example is the United Nations Development Group (UNDG), which comprises all theUnited Nations system entities dealing with development. In February 2008, it adopted the UNDG Guidelines onIndigenous Peoples’ Issues, 4 a document that will operationalize the UN normative framework on indigenouspeoples, particularly at the level of United Nations country offices. The adoption of these Guidelines is a significantstep in the right direction, and a great deal will depend on their implementation.The UNESCO exampleIt is interesting to examine the work of UNESCO and the General Assembly of States that are party to the UNESCOConventions for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) and the Protection and Promotion of theDiversity of Cultural Expressions (2005). These Conventions were developed and came into force in the FirstInternational Decade of the World’s Indigenous People and early in the Second Decade respectively. UNESCO didnot include indigenous peoples in the drafting of the Conventions nor was any effort made to engage indigenouspeoples in a meaningful or comprehensive process of consultations before the Conventions came into force.Neither Convention adequately acknowledges the fact that a large part of the “cultural heritage” and “culturalexpressions” referred to in the Conventions are the heritage of indigenous peoples and cultures. Rather, theConventions present these cultural properties as the “heritage of humanity” subject to the rules of internationalcooperation.Indigenous peoples have criticized the UNESCO Conventions because they authorize and legitimize theexpropriation of indigenous cultural property, which is part of their heritage. In her study on the Protection of theHeritage of Indigenous Peoples, 5 Erica Irene Daes, Special Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Prevention ofDiscrimination and Protection of Minorities, notes that “heritage is ordinarily a communal right and is associatedwith a family, clan, tribe or other kinship group”. Daes also recognizes that “only the group as a whole canconsent to the sharing of heritage” and that consent is always “temporary and revocable; heritage can never bealienated, surrendered or sold, except for conditional use”. Daes further notes that the individual and collectiverights of indigenous peoples to cultural property are protected under Article 27.2 of the Universal Declaration onHuman Rights, Article 15.1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Article 5(d)of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.UNESCO should consider adopting a policy on indigenous peoples that provides for their meaningful participationin UNESCO’s undertakings, in accordance with UNESCO’s Declaration on the Principles of International CulturalCo-operation, which affirms that each culture has a dignity and value that must be protected and preserved andthat “every people has the right and duty to develop its culture”. 6Issues relating to the peaceful resolution of conflictsIndigenous peoples often find themselves involved in conflict with the dominant society, mostly relating to theloss of their lands, territories and resources or to the deprivation of their civil, political, cultural, social andeconomic rights. The rapid pace of globalization has accelerated such conflicts and indigenous peoples, like allother peoples, need access to mechanisms for peaceful conflict resolution.4UNDG (2008).5Daes (1995).6Article 1 of the UNESCO Declaration on the Principles of International Cultural Co-operation (1996).222 | CHAPTER VII
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STATE OF THE WORLD's INDIGENOUs PEOpLEs - CINU

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