STATE OF THE WORLD's INDIGENOUs PEOpLEs - CINU

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EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionPoverty and land rights in Latin AmericaA World Bank study on indigenous peoples and poverty in Latin America concluded that “poverty amongLatin America’s indigenous population is pervasive and severe”. 48 This study, which documented the socioeconomicsituation of around 34 million indigenous people in the region, representing 8 per cent of the region’stotal population, showed that the poverty map in almost all the countries coincides with indigenous peoples’territories. A similar study in the region by the Inter-American Development Bank observed that being poor andbeing indigenous were synonymous. Its report on Mexico concluded that indigenous peoples live in “alarmingconditions of extreme poverty and marginality…Virtually all of the indigenous people living in municipalitieswith 90 per cent or more indigenous people are catalogued as extremely poor”. 49 The difference between theindigenous and non-indigenous is often striking, where, for example in Paraguay, poverty is 7.9 times higheramong indigenous peoples, compared to the rest of the population. In Panama, poverty rates are 5.9 times higher,in Mexico 3.3 times higher, and in Guatemala, indigenous peoples’ poverty rates are 2.8 times higher than therest of the population. 50 As can be seen from Figure I.1, despite significant changes in poverty rates overall, theproportion of indigenous peoples in the region living in poverty did not change much in most countries from theearly 1990s to the early 2000s.Poverty for indigenous and non-indigenous peoples in Latin America, 1980s to 2000sPoverty Rate (%)1009080706050403020100Bolivia Ecuador Guatemala Mexico PeruIndigenous early yearIndigenous latest yearSource: World Bank (2007).80Studies of socio-economic conditions of indigenous peoples in Latin America show that being indigenous isassociated 70 with being poor and that over time, that condition has stayed constant. Studies also show thatPoverty Rate (%)605048Hall and Patrinos (2005).49Plant (1998). 4050ECLAC (2007), 152.3020100POVERTY AND WELL-BEING | 27
Bolivia Ecuador Guatemala Mexico PeruEMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS Indigenous PEOPLESearly year Indigenous latest yearPoverty Rate (%)80706050403020100Not for distributionBolivia Ecuador Guatemala Mexico PeruNon-indigenous early yearNon-indigenous latest yearSource: World Bank (2007).indigenous peoples’ poverty has not diminished over time, including over theperiod of the first International Decade of the World’s Indigenous People, 1994-2004. 51 Indigenous peoples also suffer from many other disadvantages. Evenwhen they have access to secondary or higher education, they are frequentlyunable to convert that to significantly greater earnings or to reduce the povertygap with the nonindigenous population. This finding holds for countries whereindigenous peoples are a small fraction of the overall population, such as Mexico 52and Chile, 53 as well as in countries where a large portion of the population isindigenous, such as in Bolivia. 54studies also show thatindigenous peoples’ povertyhas not diminishedover timeOver the past 20 years or more, indigenous organizations in Latin America haveput great efforts into safeguarding their land rights through mapping, demarcationand titling of their territories. This process, which began in the 1980s and reachedits peak in the 1990s, has led to an increased, albeit varying, degree of recognitionof indigenous lands in national laws. In Colombia, indigenous peoples comprising2 per cent of the population have gained the legalization of indigenous territoriescorresponding to one-third of the national territory. In 2004, Brazilian State hadrecognized over 15 million hectares as indigenous reserves, while in Peru theindigenous peoples of the Amazon had achieved the titling of 7 million hectaresof land, or approximately 10 per cent of the Peruvian Amazon. A total of 18 millionhectares are under claim by the indigenous peoples of Peru. In the south of thecontinent, the recovery of indigenous territories has been more difficult and thecolonial structures more ingrained.Although land titling has been a fundamental step and a great achievement forthe indigenous communities in Latin America, they are still far from having real28 | CHAPTER I51Hall and Patrinos (2006)52Ramirez (2006)53Hopenhayn (2003).54Feiring (2003).
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STATE OF THE WORLD's INDIGENOUs PEOpLEs - CINU

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