STATE OF THE WORLD's INDIGENOUs PEOpLEs - CINU

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EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionTable of ContentsAcknowledgements.............................................................................................................................................................. iiiForeword to the State of the World’s Indigenous Peoples............................................................................................. vINTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................................... 1A brief history of indigenous issues at the international level ................................................................................ 1The concept of indigenous peoples.............................................................................................................................. 4Looking forward................................................................................................................................................................ 7About this publication...................................................................................................................................................... 7Overview of main international responses..................................................................................................................... 10List of References................................................................................................................................................................ 11CHAPTER I: POVERTY AND WELL-BEING........................................................................................................................ 13Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 14New threats of globalization............................................................................................................................................. 16Agriculture and food security...................................................................................................................................... 19Impoverishment of indigenous peoples........................................................................................................................... 21Living conditions of indigenous peoples in Australia, Canada New Zealand and the United States ............. 22Poverty and land rights in Latin America................................................................................................................... 27India: Poverty among the Scheduled Tribes.............................................................................................................. 29On the status of and trends in the practice of traditional occupations ............................................................... 29Arctic region, including Russia and Northern Europe............................................................................................. 32Forest Peoples of Africa................................................................................................................................................ 34East and South East Asia: Rice culture in Ifugao, Philippines ............................................................................... 36Pacific: Traditional fishing in Vanuatu........................................................................................................................ 36The Millennium Development Goals and Indigenous Peoples................................................................................... 39Indicators relevant to indigenous peoples’ well-being and sustainable development......................................... 41Concluding Remarks........................................................................................................................................................... 42List of references................................................................................................................................................................. 45CHAPTER II: CULTURE......................................................................................................................................................... 51Land, language and identity............................................................................................................................................... 53Land.................................................................................................................................................................................. 53Indigenous languages................................................................................................................................................... 57Spirituality and belief systems.......................................................................................................................................... 59Social institutions................................................................................................................................................................ 62Culture and traditional knowledge................................................................................................................................... 64Threats and challenges...................................................................................................................................................... 68Misappropriation of indigenous knowledge.............................................................................................................. 69The impact of globalization .......................................................................................................................................... 70Commodification of indigenous cultures.................................................................................................................... 71Tourism ............................................................................................................................................................................ 72vii
EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionIntellectual property rights and indigenous peoples ................................................................................................... 74Concluding Remarks........................................................................................................................................................... 76List of references................................................................................................................................................................. 78CHAPTER III: ENVIRONMENT............................................................................................................................................ 83Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................... 84Major issues......................................................................................................................................................................... 87Land dispossession........................................................................................................................................................ 87Large-scale development projects............................................................................................................................. 88The forest issue.............................................................................................................................................................. 89Protected areas—a story of evictions and abuses ................................................................................................. 91Indigenous traditional knowledge – erosion, loss and threats.............................................................................. 93Climate change and indigenous peoples................................................................................................................... 95International treaties, laws and declarations related to environmental protection ............................................. 98International law and indigenous land rights ........................................................................................................... 99ILO Convention Nos. 107 and No. 169......................................................................................................................... 99The Earth Summit (1992)................................................................................................................................................ 99The Convention on Biological Diversity.................................................................................................................... 100UN Framework Convention on Climate Change...................................................................................................... 101The Forest Principles................................................................................................................................................... 101The United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) ....................................................... 101Indigenous peoples and the international mechanisms........................................................................................ 102UNEP.............................................................................................................................................................................. 103The Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)............................................................................................ 103The Convention on Biological Diversity - COPs and Working Groups................................................................ 104WIPO and the IGC........................................................................................................................................................ 106United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF)................................................................................................................. 106UNCCD and UNFCCC................................................................................................................................................... 107Implementation gaps and challenges............................................................................................................................ 107Indigenous land rights................................................................................................................................................. 108Biological diversity and traditional knowledge....................................................................................................... 109Protected areas............................................................................................................................................................ 110Forest issues................................................................................................................................................................. 112Environmental impact assessment........................................................................................................................... 113Climate Change – adaptation and mitigation........................................................................................................... 114Adaptation..................................................................................................................................................................... 114Mitigation efforts.......................................................................................................................................................... 116The World Bank and the carbon market.................................................................................................................. 117REDD............................................................................................................................................................................... 118Concluding Remarks......................................................................................................................................................... 119List of references............................................................................................................................................................... 121viii
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