STATE OF THE WORLD's INDIGENOUs PEOpLEs - CINU

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EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionnational and regional levels. ECLAC, for example, has played a key role in improving data on indigenouspeoples in Latin America, and UNPFII has organized a series of regional meetings on indicators of wellbeingfor indigenous peoples.Indicators relevant to indigenous peoples’ well-being andsustainable developmentIn recent years, there has been a concerted process to define global indicators for indigenous peoples’ wellbeingand sustainable development. The global campaign to eradicate extreme poverty embodied in theMillennium Development Goals (MDGs) has also given impetus to identifying the poorest populations in eachcountry, including indigenous peoples, for targeted interventions. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)has adopted the 2010 Biodiversity Target to significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss, and one of its focalareas is the protection of traditional knowledge, innovations and practices. 89In 2006 and 2007, various regional and thematic workshops were organized on the topic of indicators relevantto indigenous peoples. This was part of a broader effort in recent years by United Nations bodies, governments,research agencies and indigenous bodies to measure status and trends in the social and economic developmentof indigenous peoples using indigenous- defined and culturally appropriate indicators. The following core issuesand thematic areas have been identified 90 in terms of framing meaningful indicators to measure status of andtrends in indigenous peoples’ well-being at global, regional, national and local levels: Security of rights to territories, lands and natural resources Integrity of indigenous cultural heritage Gender Respect for identity and non-discrimination Fate control and self-determination Full, informed and effective participation Culturally-appropriate education Health Access to infrastructure and basic services Extent of external threats Material well-being Demographic patterns of indigenous peoples89CBD 2010 Biodiversity Target at http://cbd.int/2010-target90 A global synthesis report on Indicators of Indigenous Peoples’ Well-being, Poverty and Sustainability was submitted to the UNPermanent Forum on Indigenous Issues in 2008, see UNPFII (2008). The report was the culmination of more than two years ofeffort to capture indicators, in various workshops with indigenous peoples’ participation. See UNPFII (2006), (2007a) and (2008).POVERTY AND WELL-BEING | 41
EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionThe Millennium Ecosystem Assessment which, in 2001-2005, carried out an in-depth study into the present stateof ecosystems and human well-being, highlights in its report messages which are highly relevant when assessingindigenous peoples’ well-being.From the Millennium Ecosystem AssessmentThe pattern of “winners” and “losers” associated with ecosystem changes, and in particular the impactof ecosystem changes on poor people, women and indigenous peoples, has not been adequately takeninto account in management decisions. Changes in ecosystems typically yield benefits for some peopleand exact costs on others, who may either lose access to resources or livelihoods, or be affected byexternalities associated with the change. For several reasons, groups such as the poor, women, andindigenous communities have tended to be harmed by these changes.Many changes in ecosystem management have involved the privatization of what were formerly commonpool resources. Individuals who depended on those resources (such as indigenous peoples, forestdependentcommunities, and other groups relatively marginalized from political and economic sources ofpower) have often lost rights to the resources.Poor people have historically lost access to ecosystem services disproportionately as demand for thoseservices has grown. Coastal habitats are often converted to other uses, frequently for aquaculture pondsor cage-culturing of highly valued species such as shrimp and salmon. Despite the fact that the area is stillused for food production, local residents are often displaced, and the food produced is usually not for localconsumption but for export. Many areas where overfishing is a concern are also low-income, food-deficitcountries. Significant quantities of fish are caught by large distant water fleets in the exclusive economiczones of Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, and Sierra Leone, for example. Much of the catchis exported or shipped directly to Europe, while compensation for access is often low compared with thevalue of the product landed overseas. These countries do not necessarily benefit through increased fishsupplies or higher government revenues when foreign distant water fleets ply their waters.Source: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), 13 and 62.Concluding RemarksThe biggest challenge faced by indigenous peoples and communities in relation to sustainable development isto ensure territorial security, legal recognition of ownership and control over customary land and resources, andthe sustainable utilization of lands and other renewable resources for the cultural, economic and physical healthand well-being of indigenous peoples.Indigenous peoples’ economies now represent the greatest continuity with pre-industrial modes of productionand traditional livelihoods in the contemporary world. These economies, representing sustained interaction andadaptation with particular locations and ecosystems, are among the longest-standing and most proven examplesof “sustainable development” in the twenty-first century.Indigenous peoples carry millennial knowledge founded in generations of hunting and agricultural practices, landmanagement and sustainable water use, and agriculture-related engineering and architecture. The maintenance42 | CHAPTER I
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