STATE OF THE WORLD's INDIGENOUs PEOpLEs - CINU

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EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionresolution. It also recognizes the critical role that women play in peacebuilding intheir communities. To date, the recommendations of the Manila Conference havenot been implemented and there continues to be a need for conflict resolutionmechanisms in the United Nations and at the national level.As indigenous issues become more prominent in the United Nations system,the need for an international forum for conflict and dispute resolution for issuesbetween indigenous peoples and States is also becoming more critical.Emerging issues relating to thedisplacement of indigenous peoplesIn the years that have elapsed since the Permanent Forum’s creation, thesignificant participation of indigenous representatives in the Forum’s work hasgreatly enhanced the United Nations system’s understanding of the pressingissues faced by indigenous communities. This has allowed the Forum expertsto clarify and further assess the nature of the problems facing indigenouspeoples globally.While there is a great diversity of problems confronting indigenous peoples today,it is clear that one of the most significant threats faced by indigenous peoplesarises from their displacement, eviction and separation from their lands, territoriesand resources. These issues are expanding and represent significant challengesto the security, health and survival of indigenous peoples and their cultures.one of the mostsignificant threatsfaced by indigenouspeoples arises from theirdisplacement, evictionand separation fromtheir lands, territoriesand resourcesThe issues that the Forum will monitor and further assess in future years as itaddresses the specific themes identified on its mandate include violence andmilitarism, conservation refugees and globalization.Violence and militarismIn nearly every region of the world, indigenous peoples are being displaced andseverely impacted by violence and militarism. Militarism in indigenous territoriespresents a direct threat to the lifestyle and survival of indigenous peoples and hassignificant effects on indigenous communities. These adverse effects include:the pollution of ancestral and sacred lands, forests and waters as well as thedestruction of wildlife in impacted areas; the dumping of toxic, including nuclear,waste, which renders indigenous lands unproductive, and the use of explosivesand landmines, which contaminate the land and cause injuries, mutilations anddeath among the civilian indigenous population. 1212WGIP (2006), paras. 11, 12 and 13.EMERGING ISSUES | 225
EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionMilitarism includes not only armed conflict but rape and sexual violence, which are often employed by armedforces as a strategy to target women. These acts of violence may result in the victim being ostracized becauseof cultural norms or stigmatized, particularly if pregnancy results. In some instances, armed forces have forcedindigenous women to engage in prostitution or used them as sex slaves. 13Indigenous women and militarismThe general pattern that holds for indigenous women worldwide is their vulnerability to sexual violence.In areas of conflict, indigenous women often fall victims to abuse by members of the military and aresubject to sexual enslavement, forced pregnancy, gang-rapes, sexual mutilation and killing. Historically,violence against women was used as a weapon in colonial conquests of indigenous lands, but asrecently as the 1980s and 1990s, 1,400 indigenous Samburu women of Kenya were raped by Britishsoldiers stationed on their lands. In the 1980s, indigenous women were targeted for rape as a weaponof war in Guatemala. In the 1990s, indigenous women in Chiapas, Mexico were subject to compulsoryservitude in paramilitary camps.In times of crises, indigenous women are often forced to leave their communities and search for sheltersand jobs elsewhere, which results in cultural and spiritual isolation as well as their exposure to sexualtrafficking and prostitution as well as exploitation as domestic workers.Source: International Indigenous Women’s Forum (2006), 48.Another tactic employed by armed forces occupying indigenous territories is the destruction of the socialfabric of the indigenous community by assassinating its traditional authorities. This deprives the community ofleadership and leaves it vulnerable to manipulation. As conventional roles held by women and men are destroyed,indigenous communities are unable to maintain their traditional social structure. This often leads to the loss ofgender-differentiated roles and authority and may impact on critical community pursuits such as planting andfood security. In addition, the occupation of indigenous territories by armed forces often results in the militaryrestricting movement of members of the community engaged in hunting, fishing or the gathering of plants fortraditional medicines. 14Displacement is often the result of intensified military activities in indigenous territories. Displaced communitiesare left without food, shelter or protection and are often forced to migrate to cities or other areas.One recurring issue raised by indigenous peoples in United Nations fora has been the use of militarism as a pretextto gain control over natural resources, including land, minerals and oil, without restitution or compensation. 1513Rights and Democracy (2007), Section 9.14Rights and Democracy (2007), Section 9.15WGIP (2006), para. 13.226 | CHAPTER VII
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