STATE OF THE WORLD's INDIGENOUs PEOpLEs - CINU

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EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionenvironmental NGOs largely being ignored. Much of this exploitation is carried out by transnationalcorporations, with resource owners getting a very small share of the profits.Climate change: The very existence of small Pacific islands is threatened by climate change. Accordingto the report, “six countries in the Pacific are faced with the threat of seeing islands disappear as a resultof rising sea levels as a direct consequence of global warming”. Livelihoods are being directly affectedby climate change. In Tarawa, Kiribati, for example, salt water intrusion into the water table is causing thedeath of breadfruit trees, affecting an essential component of the local diet.Economic impacts: Governments in the Pacific have been pursuing economic policies that are out of tunewith the characteristics and realities of the economies of these small-island developing States. Pacificeconomies are largely reliant on agriculture and fishing, with large proportions of the population living inrural areas. Despite this fact, governments have pursued free trade policies that favour foreign investment.These policies “encourage foreign control of island economies and create increased dependency onexternally devised economic initiatives, rather than promoting and supporting local initiatives”.Political impacts: The Pacific region has been affected by a series of political crises, notably in Fiji andthe Solomon Islands, fuelled by disparities, land issues and a lack of confidence in Governments. Many ofthese sources of social discontent can be traced to the mixed impact of liberal policies.Source: WCC (2001).Migration and urbanizationFor the first time in human history, the majority of humanity lives in urban areas. Although available data indicatesthat the majority of the world’s indigenous peoples still live in rural areas, there is increasing evidence thatindigenous peoples are part of a global trend towards urbanization, that this trend is irreversible and occurring inboth developed and undeveloped regions. 19 For example, in Latin America, a multi-ethnic and pluricultural regionwith 671 state-recognized indigenous peoples, the majority of indigenous peoples in some countries (Bolivia,Brazil and Chile) reside in urban areas. 20 Likewise, in New Zealand, the Maori are highly urbanized, with over 80per cent now living in major urban centres. 21 In some instances, urban migration is voluntary. It may be spurred bythe prospect of better economic opportunities and the need to ensure survival of the traditional way of life in theirterritories through urban-rural remittances or a desire to be in closer proximity to social services and facilitiesfor education or health. 22 New circumstances associated with globalization have led to an increase in migratoryflows and mobility. 23In other cases, urban migration is involuntary. It may be the result of environmental degradation that has destroyedtraditional livelihoods, dispossession, displacement, military conflict or natural disaster. 24 Common factors that19Message from Ann Tibaijuka, Executive Director of UN-Habitat to the Expert Group Meeting on Urban Indigenous Peoples andMigration, Santiago de Chile, 27-29 March 2007. UNPFII (2007), 32.20Statement by José Luis Machinea, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America andthe Caribbean to the Expert Group Meeting on Urban Indigenous Peoples and Migration, Santiago de Chile, 27-29 March 2007.UNPFII (2007), 26.21Statistics New Zealand (2007) 3.22UNPFII (2007), 11 and 13.23Statement by José Luis Machinea. UNPFII (2007), 27.24Message from Ann Tibaijuka. UNPFII (2007), 32.EMERGING ISSUES | 231
EMBARGOED UNTIL 14 January 2010STATE OF THE WORLD’S INDIGENOUS PEOPLESNot for distributionlead to involuntary or forced migration include poverty, conflict and inadequatelegal protection of lands and resources, as well as environmental toxicity. 25Regardless of the factors prompting the migration, indigenous peoples inurban areas encounter substantial difficulties, including lack of employmentand income, racism, limited access to services and severe housing needs.Indigenous youth are particularly vulnerable. The common denominator inthese cases is structural discrimination, which is reflected in marginalization,exclusion and poverty. 26indigenous peoples inurban areas encountersubstantial difficulties,including lack ofemployment and income,racism, limited accessto services and severehousing needsUN-Habitat has found that indigenous peoples who move to urban areas are oftendisadvantaged when it comes to employment opportunities and face numerousobstacles in accessing credit to start business or income-generating activities.Indigenous migrants have frequently become the slum dwellers of the cities. Assuch, they are more prone to disease, more at risk of HIV/AIDS and suffer asmuch from hunger and malnutrition as rural indigenous people. In addition, theyare more vulnerable to natural and human-made disasters such as fire, floodand land slides and, because of the “illegality” of slums, often cannot accesscritical resources including clean water, sanitation and energy. Taken together,these factors and the ongoing violation of basic rights and fundamental freedomsof indigenous peoples reveal the underlying causes of persistent poverty andsocial exclusion among urban indigenous communities. 27One key issue relating to indigenous urban migration is the paucity of data onthe migration process for indigenous peoples, which has contributed to a lack ofadequate government policies aimed at urbanized indigenous peoples. Becauseof this problem, experts attending an International Expert Group Meeting, heldin Santiago de Chile in March 2007, recommended that research institutions,universities, States and NGOs collect qualitative and quantitative data on urbanindigenous communities and that these data be disaggregated by sex andindigenous group and compared with data from non-indigenous populations.The experts also called for the application of appropriate indigenous researchmethodologies and for the effective participation of the indigenous peoplesthemselves in data collection and research. 28In addressing forward-looking strategies, it is important that indigenous peoples’rights be considered in a holistic way, without dividing urban and rural membersof indigenous communities. Indigenous peoples migrating to urban centresdo not leave their identities behind but maintain strong attachments to theirtraditional lands and culture.25UNPFII (2007), 13.26Statement of José Luis Machinea. UNPFII (2007), 26.27Message from Ann Tibaijuka. UNPFII (2007), 33.28Message from Ann Tibaijuka. UNPFII (2007), 33.232 | CHAPTER VII
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