Physiological Pharmaceutics

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Chapter NineNasal Drug DeliveryANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYNasal epitheliaNasal lymphatic systemNasal secretionThe nasal cycleMucociliary clearance of inhaled particlesMeasurement of clearancePathological effects on mucociliary functionRhinitisAsthmaSinusitisKartegener’s syndromeSjögrens SyndromeStructural dysfunctionExternal factors affecting mucociliary clearanceChemical-induced changesOther factors which affect mucociliaiy clearanceINTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGSDrugs administered for local actionDrugs administered for systemic effectPenetration enhancersDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND DEPOSITION PATTERNSMechanisms to increase nasal residence time of formulationsViscosity modifiersBioadhesive polymers.Bioadhesive microspheresExcipient and drug effects on clearanceEffect of formulation pHINTERSPECIES COMPARISONSCONCLUSIONSREFERENCES199
200 <strong>Physiological</strong> <strong>Pharmaceutics</strong>ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGYThe nose is a prominent structure located on the face between the eyes. The externalopenings are known as nares or nostrils which open at the back into the nasopharynx andlead to the trachea and oesophagus. The nose is the primary entrance to the respiratorytract, allowing air to enter the body for respiration. It conditions inspired air by filtering,warming, and moistening it. The nose also contains the olfactory organ, essential for thesense of smell.The nasal cavity is an irregularly-shaped space in the front of the head extending fromthe bony palate upwards to the cranium (Figure 9.1). The bony framework of the nasalcavity is formed by the fusion of seven bones (Figure 9.2). It produces a chamberapproximately 7.5 cm long by 5 cm high, subdivided into the right and left halves by acartilaginous wall, the nasal septum. The septum consists of the anterior septal cartilage andposteriorly, the vomer and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. It terminates at thenasopharynx.The floor of the nose and the roof of the mouth are formed by the hard palatine boneand the soft palate, a flap of tissue. The soft palate extends back into the nasopharynx andduring swallowing is pressed upward, so that food cannot lodge at the back of the nose,blocking the airway. The ability to breathe through the mouth as well as the nose isextremely beneficial, although the air inspired through the mouth is not humidified, heatedand filtered to the same extent as the nose breathed air.The forward section of the nasal cavity, which is within and above each nostril, iscalled the vestibule. Behind the vestibule and along each outer wall are three thin, scrollshapedbony elements forming elevations, the conchae or turbinates, which generally runfrom front to rear. Each turbinate hangs over an air passage and they serve to increase thesurface area of the cavities. The superior, middle and inferior turbinates form flues throughwhich the air flows. The flues are quite narrow, and cause the air to flow in such a way thatno part of the airstream is very far from the moist mucous blanket lining the air spaces. Theturbulent airflow through this region, and the changes in direction caused by the turbinates,encourage inertial impaction of suspended particles. The width of the air spaces is adjustedby swell bodies in the septum and turbinates. Heating and humidification of inhaled air areimportant functions of the nose, which are facilitated by the abundant blood flow throughFigure 9.1 Cross section through the nose
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For Alexander and SarinaWith all ou
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First edition 1989Second edition fi
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viPrefacepublishers, who I am sure,
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viiiAcknowledgementsFig 6.5 is repr
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Table of Contents1. Cell Membranes,
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xiiContentsGASTRIC pH .............
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xivContents9. Nasal Drug Delivery .
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Chapter OneCell Membranes, Epitheli
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Membranes and barriers 3Figure 1.1
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Membranes and barriers 5Modulation
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Membranes and barriers 7Membrane pr
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Chapter TwoParenteral Drug Delivery
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Parenteral drug delivery 21Figure 2
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Parenteral drug delivery 23catheter
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Parenteral drug delivery 29fluid is
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Parenteral drug delivery 33Receptor
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Parenteral drug delivery 3526. Tsuj
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38 Physiological PharmaceuticsANATO
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40 Physiological PharmaceuticsFigur
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42 Physiological Pharmaceuticsgland
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44 Physiological PharmaceuticsABSOR
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46 Physiological PharmaceuticsThe r
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48 Physiological Pharmaceuticsa) in
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50 Physiological Pharmaceuticswhen
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52 Physiological Pharmaceuticsin de
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56 Physiological Pharmaceutics8. We
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58 Physiological Pharmaceutics59. A
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60 Physiological PharmaceuticsINTRO
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64 Physiological PharmaceuticsTable
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66 Physiological Pharmaceuticsliqui
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70 Physiological PharmaceuticsTable
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72 Physiological Pharmaceutics12. W
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Chapter FiveThe StomachANATOMY AND
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The stomach 77Figure 5.2 Structure
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The stomach 79Gastric glandsThe gas
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The stomach 81Figure 5.7 Mechanism
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The stomach 83absorbed from the sto
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The stomach 85Night-time transient
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The stomach 87particle size indiges
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The stomach 89Figure 5.13 MRI cross
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The stomach 91species and man is po
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The stomach 93Figure 5.15 The effec
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The stomach 95emerged from the shel
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The stomach 97Figure 5.17 The gastr
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The stomach 99In order to improve b
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The stomach 101Figure 5.21—Gastri
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The stomach 103The anatomy and dime
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The stomach 10533:1283-1290.35. Cun
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The stomach 10782. Ingani HM, Timme
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Chapter SixDrug Absorption from the
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Small intestine 111Figure 6.1 Secti
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Small intestine 113are uncommon and
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Small intestine 115underlying tissu
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Small intestine 117Brief periodic b
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Small intestine 119is extremely rap
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Small intestine 121Figure 6.5 Segme
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Small intestine 123Measurements of
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Small intestine 125Figure 6.8 Small
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Small intestine 127Scintigraphy oft
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Small intestine 129It is known that
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Small intestine 131It was soon real
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Small intestine 133colonic absorpti
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Small intestine 135also transform d
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Small intestine 137REFERENCES1. Bry
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Small intestine 13949. Hidalgo IJ,
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Small intestine 14193. Bogentoft C,
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144 Physiological PharmaceuticsAnti
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146 Physiological PharmaceuticsFigu
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Chapter ElevenOcular Drug DeliveryI
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Ocular drug delivery 251STRUCTURE O
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Ocular drug delivery 253chamber. It
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Ocular drug delivery 255The superfi
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Ocular drug delivery 257Figure 11.7
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Ocular drug delivery 259Figure 11.9
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Ocular drug delivery 261Influence o
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Ocular drug delivery 263SpraysSpray
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Ocular drug delivery 265endothelial
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Ocular drug delivery 267polymers ha
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Ocular drug delivery 269sustained-r
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Chapter TwelveVaginal and Intrauter
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Vaginal and intrauterine drug deliv
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284 GlossaryAntipyrine An analgesic
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286 GlossaryClonazepam An anticonvu
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288 GlossaryEsterase An enzyme whic
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290 Glossaryfound in the synovial f
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294 GlossaryPectoral muscle Chest m
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296 Glossarysize exclusion (gel fil
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298 GlossaryTributyrase An enzyme w
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300 Indexß-glucuronidase 276B cell
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302 IndexDiazoxide 262Dichlorodiphe
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304 IndexGelling polymers 264Gels 1
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306 IndexEpithelium 225Factors affe
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308 IndexOros ® 158Osmotic deliver
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310 IndexAbsorption 186Age 188Disea
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312 IndexDrug absorption 277Fluid 2
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Physiological Pharmaceutics

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