Physiological Pharmaceutics

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Index 307Multi-drug resistance 130Multilamellar vesicles 6Multiparticulates 96Muscle 26Muscularis externa 146Muscularis mucosae 110, 146Myometrium 274Myristyl tripalmitate 126NN-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidone 191Na + /K + ATPase 118Na + /K + electrolyte balance 7NAD + -dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandindehydrogenase 202NAD + -dependent formaldehydedehydrogenase 202Nadolol 260Nafarelin 209Nails 184Nanoparticles 265Eye 267Nanosphere 265Nasal. See also noseCycle 203Mucosa 207Sprays 211Vestibule 200Nasopharynx 222Nausea 93Fat 92Nebuhaler ® 236Nebulizers 232, 235Nervous controlLung 229Neurotensin 113, 148Neutrophilia 206Nickel 279Nicoderm 190Nicotine 190Nicotrol 190Nifedipine 55, 173Nitrates 53Nitroglycerin 44, 51, 53Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 67,94, 136, 182, 268Non-ulcer dyspepsia 92Nonoxynol-9 278Norethindrone 278Norgestrel 278NoseAge 204Anatomy and physiology 200Bioadhesives 211Cycle 203Deposition 204Deposition patterns 210Epithelia 201, 203Excipients 213Increasing residence times 212Interspecies comparisons 216Lymphatic system 202Measuring clearance 204Pathophysiology 204pH 214Secretions 202Septum 200NSAIDs. See non-steroidal antiinflammatorydrugsNucleus 2Nystatin 49OObesity 82, 92Ocuserts ® 265Oedema 214OesophagusAdhesion 65, 67Anatomy and physiology 60Damage 67Disease 69Innervation 61Motility 61pH 60Pressure 62Targeting 70Transit 63, 64Oestradiol 209, 278Oestradiol-3-cyclopentyl 136Oestrogen 134, 276, 277Oils 91Oily vehicles 94Ointments 48, 189, 250, 256, 264Oleic acid 48, 151, 232Oligosaccharides 7, 18Olsalazine 163Opiates 156Opioids 54Orabase ® 48Oral cavity 38Bioadhesion 51Clearance 43Dosage forms 48Drugs 53Drug absorption 44, 48Drug delivery 45Epithelium 39Mucosa 39, 40, 41Penetration enhancers 47Oral drug deliveryDisadvantages 44Oral transmucosal system 52
308 IndexOros ® 158Osmotic delivery device 167, 173Osmotic minipump 268Osmotic pump 97Osteoporosis 210, 214Oxidoreductases 202Oxprenolol 173Oxygen carriers, intravenous 25Oxyntic cells 79Oxyquinolone 277Oxytocin 55PP-aminoclonidine 260P-glycoprotein 32, 130–131, 134Palate 38Palmitic acid 4Pancreas 116secretion 116Paneth cells 113, 147Papillary layer 184Paracetamol 100, 130, 171, 173Parenteral administrationDrug delivery 19Drug distribution 30Parietal cells 7, 14, 79, 80Particle sizeLung 240Nasal deposition 210Particulates 24, 265Partition coefficient 12Passive diffusion 12Peanut proteins 277Pectins 126, 155, 164Pectoral See musclePellets See also multiparticulatesPenbutolol 260Penetration enhancers 191, 210Oral mucosa 47Penicillin 133, 135, 214Pepsin 79, 82Pepsinogen 79, 82PeptidesDelivery 209, 213PerfusionEye 262Perimysium 26Periodontal disease 54Periodontitis 53Periodontosis 53Peritoneum 110Persorption 16Pessaries 278Pethidine 54Petrolatum 264Petrolatum based jelly 262Peyer’s patches 110, 114, 128, 151pH 156, 192Colon 150Eye 257Faecal 154Small intestine 129Vagina 275pH-partition hypothesis 13Phagocytosis 16PharmacokineticsLung deposition 243Phenobarbital 170Phenol red 277Phenylalanine 209Phenylephrine 208Phlebitis 22Phonation 222Phosphatidylcholine 3, 7Phosphatidylethanolamine 3, 7Phosphatidylinositol 3Phosphatidylserine 3Phosphoglucomutase 202Phospholipid 7, 115Stealth 29Pigmentation 258Pigs 103Pilocarpine 257, 258, 265, 277Pituitary hormones 7Plaque 54Plasma membrane 2Platelets 82Plicae semilunares 147Pluronic 264pMDI See pressurized metered doseinhalersPolyacrylic acid 279Polyalkylene glycols 262Polycarbophil gel 279Polyethylene 24, 174Polygonal cells 251PolypsEosinophil 206Neutrophil 206Polysaccharides 7Polysorbates 33Polystyrene particles 25Polyurethane 24Polyvinyl alcohol 263, 277Polyvinylpyrrolidone 262Positron emission tomography 237Potassium chloride 136Potassium iodide 244Potassium ions 149Prazosin 135Precorneal tear film 253Prednisolone 173Pregnancy 275
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For Alexander and SarinaWith all ou
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First edition 1989Second edition fi
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viPrefacepublishers, who I am sure,
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viiiAcknowledgementsFig 6.5 is repr
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Table of Contents1. Cell Membranes,
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xiiContentsGASTRIC pH .............
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xivContents9. Nasal Drug Delivery .
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Chapter OneCell Membranes, Epitheli
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Membranes and barriers 3Figure 1.1
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Membranes and barriers 5Modulation
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Membranes and barriers 7Membrane pr
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Chapter TwoParenteral Drug Delivery
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Parenteral drug delivery 21Figure 2
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Parenteral drug delivery 23catheter
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Parenteral drug delivery 29fluid is
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Parenteral drug delivery 33Receptor
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Parenteral drug delivery 3526. Tsuj
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38 Physiological PharmaceuticsANATO
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40 Physiological PharmaceuticsFigur
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42 Physiological Pharmaceuticsgland
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44 Physiological PharmaceuticsABSOR
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58 Physiological Pharmaceutics59. A
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60 Physiological PharmaceuticsINTRO
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66 Physiological Pharmaceuticsliqui
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72 Physiological Pharmaceutics12. W
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Chapter FiveThe StomachANATOMY AND
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The stomach 77Figure 5.2 Structure
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The stomach 79Gastric glandsThe gas
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The stomach 81Figure 5.7 Mechanism
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The stomach 83absorbed from the sto
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The stomach 85Night-time transient
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The stomach 87particle size indiges
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The stomach 89Figure 5.13 MRI cross
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The stomach 91species and man is po
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The stomach 93Figure 5.15 The effec
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The stomach 95emerged from the shel
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The stomach 97Figure 5.17 The gastr
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The stomach 99In order to improve b
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The stomach 101Figure 5.21—Gastri
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The stomach 103The anatomy and dime
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The stomach 10533:1283-1290.35. Cun
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The stomach 10782. Ingani HM, Timme
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Chapter SixDrug Absorption from the
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Small intestine 111Figure 6.1 Secti
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Small intestine 113are uncommon and
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Small intestine 115underlying tissu
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Small intestine 117Brief periodic b
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Small intestine 119is extremely rap
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Small intestine 121Figure 6.5 Segme
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Small intestine 123Measurements of
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Small intestine 125Figure 6.8 Small
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Small intestine 127Scintigraphy oft
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Small intestine 129It is known that
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Small intestine 131It was soon real
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Small intestine 133colonic absorpti
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Small intestine 135also transform d
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Small intestine 137REFERENCES1. Bry
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Small intestine 13949. Hidalgo IJ,
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Small intestine 14193. Bogentoft C,
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Chapter ElevenOcular Drug DeliveryI
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Ocular drug delivery 251STRUCTURE O
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Ocular drug delivery 253chamber. It
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Page 276 and 277: Ocular drug delivery 259Figure 11.9
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Page 301 and 302: 284 GlossaryAntipyrine An analgesic
Page 303 and 304: 286 GlossaryClonazepam An anticonvu
Page 305 and 306: 288 GlossaryEsterase An enzyme whic
Page 307 and 308: 290 Glossaryfound in the synovial f
Page 309 and 310: 294 GlossaryPectoral muscle Chest m
Page 311 and 312: 296 Glossarysize exclusion (gel fil
Page 313 and 314: 298 GlossaryTributyrase An enzyme w
Page 315 and 316: 300 Indexß-glucuronidase 276B cell
Page 317 and 318: 302 IndexDiazoxide 262Dichlorodiphe
Page 319 and 320: 304 IndexGelling polymers 264Gels 1
Page 321: 306 IndexEpithelium 225Factors affe
Page 325 and 326: 310 IndexAbsorption 186Age 188Disea
Page 327: 312 IndexDrug absorption 277Fluid 2
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