Physiological Pharmaceutics

Glossary 297Stratum corneum Outermost horny layer of theepidermis.Stratum germinativum Innermost layer of theepidermis.Stratum spongiosum Middle layer of the uterus.Stroma Formation supporting tissues of an organ.Subclavian vein Large vein draining arm.Subcutaneous delivery drugs introduced beneath theskin.Subcutaneous fat Layer of fat beneath the skin.Sublingual tablet Tablets which are designed to beplaced under the tongue.Substance P An 11-amino acid polypeptide believedto be important as a neurotransmitter in thepain fibre system.Succinic dehydrogenase An enzyme involved in theKrebs’ cycle which converts succinate tofumarate.Succus entericus See intestinal juice.Sucrase Enzyme found in the intestinal juice whichsplits cane sugar into glucose and fructose.Sucrose Sugar found in sugar cane and sugar beet.Split into glucose and fructose in the smallintestine by sucrase.Sufentanil An analgesic opiate analogue.Sulphotransferases Enzymes responsible forsulpation of xenobiotics in the liverSulphapyridine A sulphonamide used to treatdermatitis herpetiformis.Sulphasalazine Drug used to treat ulcerative colitis,Crohn’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis.Sulphomucins Sulphated mucin.Sulphur dioxide An irritating gas. Used inrefrigerators and as a bactericide.Sumatriptan An antimigrane drug.Superioris alaeque Muscle which raises upper lipand flares nostrils.Suppository A semi-solid substance which is usedto deliver drug to the rectum, vagina or urethra.Surfactant An agent which lowers surface tension.Suspension Solid particles which are suspended in,but not dissolved in, a liquid.Symphysis pubis Junction of the pubic bones onmidline in front.TT cells Lymphoid cells from the bone marrow thatmigrate to the thymus gland, where theydevelop into mature differentiated lymphocytesthat migrate between the blood and lymph.Mature T cells are antigen specific i.e. eachresponds to different antigens.T lymphocytes See T cells.Tachycardia Abnormal rapid heartbeat.Talin A sweet-tasting protein extracted fromThaumatococcus danielli, approximately100,000 times sweeter than sucrose. Alsoknown as Thaumatin.Technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) A gamma emittingradioisotope with a half-life of 6 h. Used as adiagnostic agent for diagnostic gammaimaging. It is also used in research to followthe behaviour of formulations in the body. Itcan be complexed in many ways e.g. withdiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA),hexakis (t-butyl isonitrile), hexamethylpropyleneamineoxidase, HIDA or withtannous phytate.Teflon (polytetrafluorethylene) A whitethermoplastic material with a waxy texture.It is non-flammable, resists chemical action andradiation and has a low coefficient of friction.Terbutaline A synthetic sympathomimetic animeused for treating asthma.Terpenes Any member of the family of hydrocarbonswith the formula C 10H 16. There are found in theessential oil of many plants especially conifers.Testosterone Androgen produced by the testes. Thehormone is also produced by the adrenalcortex in both males and females.Tetracyclines Broad spectrum antibiotics.Tetrahydrozoline A vasoconstrictor used as a nasaldecongestant.Theophylline Bronchodilator drug used forreversible airway constriction.Thermogram A graphic record of variation in theamount of heat required to cause a change intemperature; the heat capacity as a functionof temperature.Thermophoresis The movement of small particlestoward a warm surface as a result of differencesindiffusion rate.Thiomersal An organomercurial used as apharmaceutical antibacterial and preservative.Thrombosis Formation, development of existenceof a blood clot or thrombus. Life-saving duringhaemorrhage, but life threatening if it occursat any other time since it can occlude bloodsupply to a vessel.Thymidine A nucleoside present indeoxyribonucleotide.Timolol A ß adrenergic blocking drug.Titanium dioxide Used to protect the skin from thesun.Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Intravenousnutrition which provides total nourishment toa patient.Tragacanth Dried gum exuded from the plantAstragalus gummifer. Used as a mucilage forgreaseless lubrication and as an application forchapped skin.Transferrin Blood globulin which binds andtransports iron.Transfersomes Liposomes made from a blend ofphospholipids which have a high degree offlexibility, allowing them to pass through smallgaps in the lipid structure of the epithelium.Transition temperature (lipids) The temperature atwhich a phospholipid bilayer undergoes aphase transition from an ordered to adisordered state.Transitional epithelium Epithelium which shows agradation in type at the boundary betweendifferent organs, for example between theoesophagus and the stomach.