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E-governance and Citizen Information 44 Theoretical Framework. The Network Administrationhad an important simplification in the relationship between the Administration and citizensas the main consequence. In short, the metaphor of public services is for many a degradation,minimisation and perversion of the state-citizenship relationship.Within this context, we have seen ICTs as an alternative to the political participation formulaeto recover the space inherent to the concept of citizenship. However, despite the initial pessimism,the latest research has shown the difficulty in carrying out this type of actions, mainlyfor two reasons: Firstly, administrations do not have enough willpower to open spaces fornew participation processes (Borge, 2006; Aibar and Urgell, 2004). Empirical evidenceshows that the widespread participation of citizens is perceived with scepticism and passivity(OCDE, 1999). The results are a minor success in many initiatives of e-democracy .http://www.uoc.edu/in3/pic
E-governance and Citizen Information 45 Theoretical Framework. The Network Administration2.5. Two Paradoxes of (the Research in) E-governmentAs we have already seen, most empirical studies on e-government agree on the very limitedperformance of their initial expectations. Despite the large number of projects and initiativesand the large amount of resources invested, the benefits obtained until now are not many innumber and are not particularly obvious. In particular, the envisaged transformation of administrativesystems into highly flexible and efficient structures is not taking place and thechanges in citizen-administration relationships are not clear.When explaining this situation, given the relative failure of e-government or, the very limitedsuccess of the associated transformations, the theoretical analyses seem to provide twoparadoxical explanations. On the one hand, as stated by Jain (2004), e-government is oftenpresented as a tool to overcome the basic characteristics (and deficiencies) of the Weberianbureaucracy. Strangely enough, these characteristics are used when trying to explain theirfailure. e-Government seems to be the ideal instrument to dilute hierarchies, to fight againstcompartmentalisation and the autonomy of units, as well as slackening the rigidity of norms.Even so, to understand the reasons for the failure of many projects, bureaucratic hierarchy,the division of work and the rigidity of norms are used as explanatory elements.On the other hand, some authors agree on the need to link the introduction of technologicalinnovations to relevant organisational changes, so that e-government can be a real transformationelement of public administrations. However, this argument often adopts a paradoxicalway of explaining the failure of some projects: The lack of organisational transformationscaused by the implementation of e-government seems to be explained by the lack of organisationaltransformations associated with the project!These two paradoxes partly indicate that current research on the interaction between e-governmentand bureaucracy is undergoing its initial development stage. This is largely due tothe fact that we started off with analytical models with suppositions that ought to be revisedand partly because the empirical studies in this area are few in number and in many casesare hard to compare.http://www.uoc.edu/in3/pic
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