54 | AFFORDABLE HOUSINGthat about 65 percent of the housingunits exposed to the surge and over 57percent of the units exposed to floodingwere occupied by households withincomes below the U.S. median householdincome level. In Harrison County,Table 3: Biloxi Peninsula Damage Estimatesaround 17 percent of the units exposedto surge were occupied by householdsbelow 150 percent of the FPL.Generally, the number of owneroccupiedunits throughout HarrisonCounty exposed to the surge or toflooding was about two to three timeslarger than the number of rental unitswith similar exposure, and about threeto four times the number of vacantunits with similar exposure.In the three-county area, about onethirdof the housing units exposed tothe surge were also built before 1980;in Hancock and Jackson Counties, thisestimate increases to over 40 percent.Level of Damage Estimates forBiloxi: A Sample Case StudyTo develop a more accurate assessmentof actual hurricane damages, asopposed to the estimates of exposureto the surge and to flooding describedabove, more rigorous and detailedanalyses are necessary. The following isan illustration, one that focuses on thepeninsular tip of Biloxi, to show how amore detailed analysis could be structured.Figure 6 illustrates the damage causedwithin this section of Biloxi, and datafrom the analysis are presented in Table3. In a sample of 6,404 housing units,almost all were occupied by householdsliving below the U.S. median incomelevel, and 80 percent of these experiencedextensive or catastrophic damage.At an even lower income cutoff, 40 percentof the households in this samplearea lived below 150 percent FPL andexperienced extensive to catastrophicdamage. Less than 40 percent of housingunits in this area were owner-occupied,and the vast majority of the remainderwas extensively or catastrophically damaged.Ninety percent of housing unitsin this area were built before 1980; pre-1980 vintage homes that were extensivelyor catastrophically damaged represented73 percent of all homes in thearea.
THE GOVERNOR’S COMMISSION REPORT | 55Meeting the ChallengesTackling the post-Katrina housingneeds of <strong>Mississippi</strong> poses an array ofdaunting tasks. First, there must be anadequate supply of housing to satisfythe needs of former residents and businessemployees seeking to rebuild in thearea. Of equal importance, a significantportion of the supply must be affordableto lower-income groups, and thecalculation of affordability should takeinto consideration the life-cycle costs ofhome ownership. This implies that thenew housing should be as efficient aspossible with respect to energy and waterconsumption along with durability.Drawing upon research efforts, communityoutreach, and input from otherinterested parties and stakeholder groups,the Governor’s Commission has identifieda range of recommended actionsthat appear to offer the most promisein meeting the housing challenges outlinedabove. These may be divided intofour categories: (a) near-term analyticalefforts and pilot studies; (b) institutionalmechanisms; (c) financial mechanisms;and (d) coordinated planning and financestrategies.Near-Term AnalysesRegardless ofrace or class,the presenceor absence ofassets andinsurancewill play asignificantrole indeterminingwho participatesin thelong-termrebuilding of<strong>Mississippi</strong>.Recommendation 1: Housing NeedsAssessment. A detailed housing needsassessment should be conducted on acounty-by-county and community-bycommunitybasis that considers factorssuch as: prior housing stock (vintage,value, etc.); residential demographics(income levels, owners vs. renters, etc.);the extent of hurricane-related damagesand costs to rebuild; characterization ofthe displaced population (including priorinsurance coverage and the ability topay for rebuilding); and estimated employmentrequirements. This informationshould be correlated with financialdata, planned infrastructure projects, casemanagement information, and environmentalconcerns to help guide state andfederal funding efforts to where theyare most needed. The state governmentshould coordinate funding and overseethe independent assessment of housingneeds, which should in turn be coordinatedwith all other data collection andanalysis efforts. The need for this informationis urgent, and the analysis shouldbe initiated as soon as possible. Draftresults could be available within threemonths, with a full report completedwithin six months. Funding may comefrom a combination of private and publicsources, including philanthropic organizations,and perhaps federal sourcessuch as United States Geological Surveyand FEMA. The expected cost wouldbe around $1 million, considering thatmuch of the needed data must be collectedon a community-by-communitybasis, often through surveys.Recommendation 2: Best PracticesAssessment. This study should assessbuilding technologies, model codes,and zoning ordinances, and managementpractices that could be appliedon the Coast. Tasks to be addressedwithin the scope of the study would include:evaluating the costs and benefitsof technologies for meeting wind andflood resistance; evaluating the costs andbenefits of technologies for reducingmaintenance and using water and energymore efficiently; performing a scanof the best code, zoning, and inspectionmanagement practices across the country;and identifying ways to transfer thisknowledge to Coast communities. Casestudies in which improved constructioncodes led to demonstrably betteroutcomes during Katrina, such as withthe Hope VI project in Biloxi, would
Change language