Nutrition and Oral Medicine (Nutrition and Health)

114Table 1The Role of Some Vitamins and Minerals in the Oral Tissues and the Oral Signs of DeficiencyNutrient Dietary source Function Oral sign of deficiencyVitamin A Carotenoids (found in dark-green and yellow Epithelial differentiation Mucosal keratinization and leukoplakia;fruits and vegetables (not citrus). PreformedCheilitis; Hypoplasia if deficiency occursvitamin found in oily fish, liver, eggs, andduring mineralization of the enamelfortified margarineThiamin (B 1 ) Fortified wheat flour and breakfast cereals, Coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate Oral sensitivity; Burning mouth syndrome;milk, eggs, yeast extract functions in energy metabolism Reduced taste perceptionRiboflavin (B 2 ) Dairy products and eggs, fortified breakfast Flavoproteins: coenzymes involved in Angular cheilitis; Glossitis; Recurrent aphthaecereals, liver, kidney, and whole grains energy metabolismNiacin (B 3 ) Dairy products, liver, meat, eggs, yeast Nucleotide coenzyme involved in energy Mucosal atrophy and stomatitis; Glossitis;extract, pulses metabolism Angular cheilitisVitamin B 6 Liver, meat, fish, whole grains, milk, and Coenzyme involved in amino acid Glossitis; Cheilitis; Burning mouth syndrome;peanuts metabolism Ulceration; Lip fissuresFolate Liver, kidney, green leafy vegetables, oranges, Purine and pyrimidine synthesis Glossitis; Stomatosis; Recurrent aphthae;pulses, and fortified breakfast cereals (forti-Angular cheilitis; Candidosisfied flour in the United States and Canada)Vitamin B 12 Meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, fortified Purine and pyrimidine synthesis Atrophic glossitis; Stomatitis; Recurrentbreakfast cerealsaphthae; Dysplasia; Angular cheilitis;CandidosisVitamin C Citrus fruits, berries, potatoes, green vegeta- Antioxidant involved in redox reactions Recurrent aphthae; Angular cheilitis;bles, bell peppers, parsleyGingivitis/periodontitisVitamin D Oily fish, fortified margarine, eggs, sunlight Calcium homeostasis Hypoplasia if deficiency occurs during toothmineralizationVitamin E Vegetable oils, sunflower seeds, whole An antioxidant Nonegrains, eggsVitamin K Vegetables, pulses, liver Formation of clotting factors Gingival bleeding; Post extraction hemorrhageIron Meat, fish, dark-green vegetables, pulses, Hemoglobin and myoglobin formation; Glossitis; Angular cheilitis; Mucosal atrophycocoa, fortified breakfast cereals enzyme component (increases susceptibility to carcinoma);CandidosisZinc Shellfish, fish, meat, poultry, dairy products, A component of >70 enzymes Taste disturbancespulsesSelenium Richest source is animal products Enzyme component in glutathione peroxi- May be protective against oral cancer (high levelsdase; protects from oxidative damage promote caries )114 Part III / Nutrition and Oral Health