Proper Names in the Light of Theoretical Onomastics

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114 Vincent Blanármarkably. Specificity of expression of proper names is demonstrated mostclearly in the lingual formation of surnames.5. 〈± Heredity of proper name〉 is a matter of personal naming. Heredityis demonstrated in functional components that are established by amore restrictive social convention and in the stabilisation of a name byadministrative and legal standards in a different way.In the old first naming system, hierarchically, the personal name wasthe basic component in a narrow sense (Germ. Rufname) which was not ahereditary element (e. g. Matej, Jakuš Gašpara). Later, the individual characteristiccould gain the validity of a byname (e. g. Stefan Diakovic // StefanDiak) by possible adoption of the heredity feature. The current subsystemof living names recognises non-hereditary functional components (Jozef Zimen– Ščefiny Dzurajky Jožko) as well as hereditary functional components(Michal Palovčík – Palovčík od Cestárov; Ondrej Šmihula – Šmihula Belko).The heredity of living family names is linked to a social convention incertain regions. This may be summarised as follows: living family namesare associated with a certain family and are passed on through generations.In some villages, in order to distinguish between persons with surnameswhich are frequently identical, living family names are used moreor less officially. However, the use of surnames is not obligatory; hencechildren are usually addressed by their living family name. Family namesare frequently transferred via a woman-mother who receives the hereditaryfamily name or parental surname in her parents’ house; her childrenare named after her although their official surname after their father isdifferent. Officially, the family is addressed by their surnames but theirhouses are, by custom, called after their original owners or builders; thecurrent occupants are addressed accordingly. Names of houses are inheritedby their residents, regardless of their official surnames (in more detailBlanár / Matejčík, I / 2, 601– 602).The inheritance of a new functional component – surname – starts theprocedure of the change of the first naming system into the binary namingsystem. This results from the need to identify the named persons unambiguouslyin common communication and in official documents. The establishmentof the state-political units with a developed administration andlegal standards – and the effort of privileged groups to strengthen theirlegal ownership by means of a well-established family name were the importantdriving forces towards restructuring in the naming system (seealso Pulgram 1950 / 51). The new functional component had (officially) a
Proper Names In the Light of Theoretical Onomastics115constant form and was inherited by consanguineous relatives down theline of male descendants.The motivation of a family surname by a particular onymic situationis coded in its language form but, in the process of inheritance, the livemotivation relation of the surname becomes less important and it is irrelevantin common communication. Forms like Holovič, Pisarčík, Jakubíčekcan, in morphemic and word-forming analysis, be categorised into theirindividual morphemes but the derivational morphemes function only asmeans to differentiation. By contrast, the motivation of non-hereditary livingnames indicates the current circumstances of naming; compare OndroBitkár (Fighter), Juro Amerikán (American), Drotár (Wire-worker), Jedinák Rybnický,Jula Na uhle. The live motivation of unofficial names is frequentlyused in artistic speech.6. 〈± Obligatory character of a name〉 This is just a marginal item inthe category of personal names which is abstracted away in the developmentaland pragmatic approach. The positive stage of obligatory (+) is acharacteristic of personal names in the old first naming system and laterfor groups of Christian names. In the official binary naming system, thisfeature characterises the basic components of the naming scheme (Christianname, patronymic, matronymic, surname). The basic form of thesefunctional components is standard, written and also colloquial. The effectit has on the language form deals with the stability of the official namin g(it is related also to aspects of spelling and grammar). In the negativestage (–), 〈obligation of a name〉 characterises the functional componentsof unofficial naming (individual characteristics, nickname, byname, livin gfamily name and name of house). The basic form of these functional componentsis colloquial and regional. It also includes hypocoristic formswithin a very small social radius (e. g. nicknames used within a family:Mufo, Igiboj, Majko, etc.). The negative stage of obligatory 〈obligation for aname〉 is manifested in communication in the more restricted stability of acolloquial form of an unofficial name.7. 〈± Validity of a name from birth〉 This feature in the positive stage(+) relates to personal names in the first naming system in the narrowersense, and in the binary naming system it relates to Christian names andsurnames. It is concerned with “ baptism”, with selection from relativelywell-established sets which, however, have certain dynamics (extension,stabilisation, assimilation of foreign names). In the old first naming system,this feature in the negative stage (−) relates to an individual char-
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Page 8 and 9: 96 Vincent Blanáror not reference
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Page 20 and 21: 108 Vincent Blanárkurča (chicken)
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Page 24 and 25: 112 Vincent Blanárserves as the so
Page 28 and 29: 116 Vincent Blanáracteristic, nick
Page 30 and 31: 118 Vincent Blanárcharacter. These
Page 32 and 33: 120 Vincent Blanárword-forming mod
Page 34 and 35: 122 Vincent Blanáring point is fou
Page 36 and 37: 124 Vincent Blanárhereditary perso
Page 38 and 39: 126 Vincent Blanárexample: a + B;
Page 40 and 41: 128 Vincent Blanárer) is familiar
Page 42 and 43: 130 Vincent Blanárcommunicative va
Page 44 and 45: 132 Vincent Blanárropean names was
Page 46 and 47: 134 Vincent Blanárhave found four
Page 48 and 49: 136 Vincent BlanárThe frequency da
Page 50 and 51: 138 Vincent BlanárJust as generic
Page 52 and 53: 140 Vincent Blanárthe surnames pro
Page 54 and 55: 142 Vincent Blanárconditions provi
Page 56 and 57: 144 Vincent Blanárand plural is, b
Page 58 and 59: 146 Vincent Blanárfact that these
Page 60 and 61: 148 Vincent BlanárThe concept unde
Page 62 and 63: 150 Vincent BlanárThe frequency of
Page 64 and 65: 152 Vincent BlanárReferencesBeleň
Page 66 and 67: 154 Vincent BlanárDolník, Juraj,
Page 68 and 69: 156 Vincent BlanárPaikkala, Sirrka

Proper Names in the Light of Theoretical Onomastics

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