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Hoekstra et al.Why assumptions are seldom checkedWilcox, R. R., and Keselman, H. J.(2003). Modern robust data analysismethods: measures of central tendency.Psychol. Methods 8, 254–274.Wilson,E. B. (1927). Probable inference,the law of succession, and statisticalinference. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 22,209–212.Zimmerman, D. W. (1996). Some propertiesof preliminary tests of equalityof variances in the two-sample locationproblem. J. Gen. Psychol. 123,217–231.Zimmerman, D. W. (2004). A note onpreliminary tests of equality of variances.Br. J. Math. Stat. Psychol. 57,173–181.Zimmerman, D. W. (2011). A simpleand effective decision rule for choosinga significance test to protectagainst non-normality. Br. J. Math.Stat. Psychol. 64, 388–409.Conflict of Interest Statement: Theauthors declare that the research wasconducted in the absence of anycommercial or financial relationshipsthat could be construed as a potentialconflict of interest.Received: 07 November 2011; accepted:20 April 2012; published online: 14 May2012.Citation: Hoekstra R, Kiers HALand Johnson A (2012) Are assumptionsof well-known statisticaltechniques checked, and why(not)? Front. Psychology 3:137. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00137This article was submitted to Frontiersin Quantitative Psychology and Measurement,a specialty of Frontiers inPsychology.Copyright © 2012 Hoekstra, Kiersand Johnson. This is an open-accessarticle distributed under the termsof the Creative Commons AttributionNon Commercial License, which permitsnon-commercial use, distribution,and reproduction in other forums, providedthe original authors and source arecredited.Frontiers in Psychology | Quantitative Psychology and Measurement May 2012 | Volume 3 | Article 137 | 15
Hoekstra et al.Why assumptions are seldom checkedAPPENDIXRESEARCH QUESTION DESCRIPTIONSIn this Appendix, the six research question descriptions are presentedin translated form. Descriptions 1 and 2 were supposedto be answered by means of a t-test, Descriptions 3 and 4 bymeans of regression analysis, and Descriptions 5 and 6 by meansof ANOVA.1. A researcher is interested in the extent to which group A andgroup B differ in cognitive transcentivity. He has scores of 25randomly selected participants from each of the two groups ona cognitive transcentivity test (with the range of possible scoresfrom 0 to 25). In Column 1 of the SPSS file, the scores of theparticipants on the test are given, and in column 2 the groupmembership (group A or B) is given.2. A researcher is interested in the extent to which group C andgroup D differ in cognitive transcentivity. He has scores of 25randomly selected participants from each of the two groups ona cognitive transcentivity test (with the range of possible scoresfrom 0 to 25). In Column 1 of the SPSS file, the scores of theparticipants on the test are given, and in column 2 the groupmembership (group C or D) is given.3. A researcher is interested to what extent the weight of mencan predict their self-esteem. She expects a linear relationshipbetween weight and self-esteem. To study the relationship, shetakes a random sample of 100 men, and administers a questionnaireto them to measure their self-esteem (on a scale from 0 to50), and measures the participants’ weight. In Column 1 of theSPSS file, the scores on the self-esteem questionnaire are given.The second column shows the weights of the men, measured inkilograms.4. A researcher is interested to what extent the weight of womencan predict their self-esteem. She expects a linear relationshipbetween weight and self-esteem. To study the relationship, shetakes a random sample of 100 women, and administers a questionnaireto them to measure their self-esteem (on a scale from0 to 50), and measures the participants’ weight. In Column 1of the SPSS file, the scores on the self-esteem questionnaire aregiven. The second column shows the weights of the women,measured in kilograms.5. A researcher is interested to what extent young people of threenationalities differ with respect to the time in which they canrun the 100 meters. To study this, 20 persons between 20 and30 years of age per nationality are randomly selected, and thetimes in which they run the 100 meters is measured. In Column1 of the SPSS file, their times are given in seconds. The numbers“1, “2,” and “3” in Column 2 represent the three differentnationalities.6. A researcher is interested to what extent young people of threeother nationalities differ with respect to time in which they canrun the 100 meters. To study this, 20 persons between 20 and30 years of age per nationality are randomly selected, and thetimes in which they run the 100 meters is measured. In Column1 of the SPSS file, their times are given in seconds. The numbers“1, “2,” and “3” in Column 2 represent the three differentnationalities.www.frontiersin.org May 2012 | Volume 3 | Article 137 | 16
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