Recipes for Survival_English_tcm46-28192

WSPA/APE ALLIANCERECIPES FOR SURVIVALWithin logging concessions, large numbers of workers create a massive demand forbushmeat and provide an in-situ market for hunters to sell meat. As a result, some ofthe most lucrative hunting settlements are those established within logging townships.Families living in logging communities eat two to three times more bushmeat than ruralcommunities (Wilkie & Eves, 2001). Very few logging concessions currently providefood for their work force.Mining for tantalum, a rare metal used in capacitors for mobile phones and portablecomputers, has created further pressure on Central African wildlife. The demand forPlayStations in 2000 led to a world shortage of tantalum and a massive increase in itsprice from $40 to $500 per pound (Hayes, 2002). In eastern DRC, protected areassuffered an influx of thousands of miners wishing to exploit the newly lucrative marketfor columbo-tantalite (an ore of tantalum known as coltan). The mining camps subsistedon bushmeat and were responsible for decimating the most important population ofEastern lowland gorilla Gorilla beringei graueri (an endemic subspecies) as well asEastern chimpanzees, forest elephants, buffalo, antelope and many medium-bodiedspecies (Redmond, 2001; Hayes, 2002). Panic-buying by major companies during theperiod of shortage created temporary stockpiles and reduction in demand/unit price.Some miners have withdrawn but others cannot afford to stop, and it is likely thatbushmeat dependency will increase as the population suffers from chronic poverty(Hayes, 2002). Reports from the Kahuzi-Biega National Park staff indicate that somemining settlements are now cultivating crops in the lowland sector of the park. Thefull extent of the large mammal population crash has yet to be established, becausecontinuing insecurity has prevented surveys (Bernard Iyomi, pers. comm.).Thibault and Blaney (2003) have reported that the oil industry has a significant impacton the bushmeat problem and recruits more people into the forest than logging.In 1963, Shell Gabon was granted an exploration permitwithin the Gamba protected areas complex in Gabon. Workerswere recruited nationally, and thousands of people moved tothe area, necessitating the creation of a township within thepark. Bushmeat was exploited to meet the protein demand,and company vehicles, including private jets, were used tosupply outlying urban areas, despite company policiesforbidding this. In 1986, a collapse in oil prices forced men toreturn to their natal villages, where hunting provided the onlyalternative source of income (Barnes, 2002).The Congo Basin is a likely target for further oil exploration,because it holds high-quality petroleum and production costsare low in the region. Currently, oil companies are not requiredto provide the means necessary to mitigate their impact onbiodiversity.THE BROADER BUSHMEAT ISSUE3.3.3 War and civil strifeAccording to the UN Security Council, the illegal mining of coltan (and other naturalresources) has helped support the civil war in DRC, which began in 1996. War affectsbushmeat hunting in a number of ways, not least of which is the increased circulationof weapons and ammunition, which are used successfully for hunting. Most soldiers areunpaid and rely on terrorising villagers and traders for food. They have been recordedwith live parrots, monkeys and apes on their way to markets (Draulans & VanKrunkelsven, 2002). Refugees may also include armed factions, who practice terrorismand increase pressure on locally available resources as well as forests, which arecleared for refugee camps. Harrassment often drives local people into the forests,where they try to make a living from hunting (Draulans & Van Krunkelsven, 2002).Civil unrest in DRC has led to collapse of the transport system due to river and roadblocks, where goods can be confiscated or stolen (Draulans & Van Krunkelsven, 2002).Though it appears that reduced trading opportunities for bushmeat leads to huntingbeing abandoned in some areas, there is evidence to suggest that hunting continuesand yields are hidden in the forest until such time that trading can resume (Draulans& Van Krunkelsven, 2002).In the proposed Lomako Reserve area of DRC, the ongoing war has led to a decreasein hunting, because villagers are too scared to enter the forest, where they riskmeeting soldiers (Dupain et al, 2000).In Liberia, timber and wildlife harvesting have been very poorly regulated since theend of the civil war, when the country has been in social and economic crisis (Hoyt& Frayne, 2003).3.3.4 Weak governance, institutional deficiency and civil disobedienceWeak governance and corrupt administrations are common in areas where bushmeat ishunted. Even where legislation regimes exist, resources and political will to enforce them donot (Kümpel, 2005). Political instability, armed conflict, economic and social strife and AIDShamper state capacity for proper management and are significant disincentives for wildlifeconservation (CITES, 2000). Wildlife policies are seldom regarded as legitimate, mandatorylaws. Hunters have little fear of breaking the law (Eves et al, 2002), not least becauseofficials themselves often benefit from the trade by accepting bribes (Kümpel, 2005).In 1995, Cameroonian traders licensed by the government were recorded collectingup to 200kg of bushmeat on trips to hunting camps, despite the fact that many of thespecies had been hunted illegally. The government has also been known to suspendclosed hunting seasons to encourage the bushmeat trade (Pearce & Ammann, 1995).Anecdotal evidence also exists of hunters being commissioned by policemen to shootgorillas (WSPA, 1994).29WSPA/APE ALLIANCE28Below:Skull of friendly,habituated gorillakilled for bushmeatduring war, Kahuzi-Biega NationalPark, DRC.© Ian Redmond