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and harvest rates of bushmeat species in afrotropical forests. Biological Conservation121: 167 – 176.Carpaneto G.M. & Fusari A. (2000). Subsistence hunting and bushmeat exploitationin central-western Tanzania. Biodiversity and Conservation 9: 1571 – 1585.Fa J.E., Yuste J.E.G. & Castelo R. (2001). Bushmeat markets on Bioko Island as ameasure of hunting pressure. Conservation Biology 14: 1602 – 1613.The 2004 IUCN Red list of Threatened Species (2004) http://www.redlist.org/Kaul, R., Hilaluddin, Jandrotia, J.S. & McGowan, P.J.K. (2004). Hunting of largemammals and pheasants in the Indian Western Himalaya. Oryx 38: 426 – 431.Milner-Gulland E.J. & Clayton L. (2002). The trade in babirusas and wild pigs inNorth Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ecological Economics 42: 165 – 183.Mittermeier, R.A., Valladares-Pádua, C., Rylands, A.B., Eudey, A.A., Butynski, T.M.,Ganzhorn, J.U., Kormos, R., Aguiar, J.M. & Walker, S. (2005). Primates in Peril: Theworld’s 25 most endangered primates 2004 – 2006. IUCN/SSC, Washington, D.C.Peres C.A. (2000). Effects of subsistence hunting on vertebrate community structurein Amazonian forests. Conservation Biology 14: 240 – 253.Rowcliffe, J.M., Cowlishaw, G. & Long, J. (2003). A model of human huntingimpacts in multi-prey communities. Journal of Applied Ecology 40: 872 – 889Stein, J.T. and BCTF (2001). Species Affected by the Bushmeat Trade. BushmeatCrisis Task Force, Washington D.C.Thibault M. & Blaney S. (2003). The oil industry as an underlying factor in thebushmeat crisis in Central Africa. Conservation Biology 17: 1807 – 1813.APPENDIXWSPA/APE ALLIANCE102RECIPES FOR SURVIVALAppendix 1Species worldwide recorded as being hunted for bushmeatSee separate documentIn 1998, Bowen-Jones listed 25 species at risk from bushmeat hunters, a figure thathas risen more than 50-fold since. It is almost impossible to quantify exactly how manyspecies are affected, because of the opportunistic nature of hunting and the use ofindiscriminate techniques such as snaring. The data in this appendix are notcomprehensive but are representative of global bushmeat off-take (primarily in tropicalcountries, excluding Australia and including southern Africa). See separate documentfor list of species; literature sources include:Barnett, R. (2000). Food for Thought: The Utilisation of Wild Meat in Eastern andSouthern Africa. TRAFFIC/WWF/IUCN, Nairobi, Kenya.Bowen-Jones, E. (1998). The African Bushmeat Trade – A Recipes for Extinction. ApeAlliance, UK.Bowen-Jones, E. & Pendry, S. (1999). The threat to primates and other mammals fromthe bushmeat trade in Africa, and how this threat could be diminished. Oryx 33: 233 – 246.Cowlishaw, G., Mendelson, S. & Rowcliffe, J.M. (2005). Structure and Operation ofa Bushmeat Commodity Chain in Southwestern Ghana. Conservation Biology 19: 139.de Foliart, G.R. (2002). The Human Use of Insects as a Food Resource: ABibliographic Work in Progress. University of Wisconsin, USA; http://www.wisc.edu/de Merode E., Homewood K. & Cowlishaw G. (2004). The value of bushmeat andother wild foods to rural households living in extreme poverty in Democratic Republic ofCongo. Biological Conservation 118: 573 – 581Fa J.E., Ryan S.F. & Bell D.J. (2005). Hunting vulnerability, ecological characteristics103