Recipes for Survival_English_tcm46-28192

3.4. The effects of bushmeat hunting onspecies and ecosystems ................................................... 323.4.1. Importance of forest wildlife ....................................... 343.4.2. Species vulnerability .................................................. 353.4.3. Geographic repercussions .......................................... 363.4.4. Species at risk .......................................................... 383.4.5. Outlook .................................................................... 403.5. Bushmeat supply, demand and price dynamics ............... 403.5.1. Supply ...................................................................... 403.5.2. Demand ................................................................... 413.5.3. Price ........................................................................ 423.6. Global health concerns linked to the bushmeat trade ..... 423.7. Outlook ................................................................................. 434. Primate bushmeat: current situation ...................................... 444.1. Introduction .......................................................................... 454.2. Scale and distribution of the problem ............................... 464.3. Exacerbating factors ........................................................... 464.3.1. Hunting techniques .................................................... 464.3.2. Armed conflict .......................................................... 464.3.3. Economic importance ............................................... 474.3.4. Persecution ............................................................... 474.3.5. The primate pet trade ............................................... 474.4. Primates at risk ................................................................... 494.5. Health implications .............................................................. 564.5.1. Simian immunodeficiency viruses and HIV .................... 574.5.2. Ebola haemorrhagic fever .......................................... 584.5.3. Simian foamy viruses ................................................. 584.5.4. Anthrax ..................................................................... 584.5.5. T-lymphotropic viruses ............................................... 584.6. Ethical Implications............................................................... 594.7. Outlook........................................................................ ..........595. Actions ongoing and their effectiveness .............................. 605.1. General actions ongoing and their effectiveness ............. 615.1.1. Government and policy ............................................... 615.1.1.1. Africa ........................................................ 615.1.1.2. USA .......................................................... 625.1.1.3. Europe ...................................................... 635.1.1.4. UK ............................................................ 635.1.1.5. International ............................................... 645.1.2. Private sector ............................................................ 655.1.3. Public awareness and education.................................. 665.1.4. Protection and management ....................................... 66CONTENTS5WSPA/APE ALLIANCE4RECIPES FOR SURVIVALContentsPageAcknowledgments .................................................................................... 7Executive Summary ................................................................................. 8Preface ..................................................................................................... 121. Introduction ...................................................................................... 142. History ............................................................................................... 183. The broader bushmeat issue: current situation ................. 203.1. Scale and distribution of the bushmeat crisis .................. 223.2. The socio-economic importance of bushmeat ................. 233.2.1. Social significance ..................................................... 233.2.2. Food security..............................................................233.2.3. Economic significance ................................................ 233.2.4. Cultural significance .................................................. 243.3. Factors contributing to commercial bushmeat hunting ... 253.3.1. Increasing human population and rising demand ........... 253.3.2. Uncontrolled access to forest wildlife facilitatedby logging, mining and hydroelectric or fossilfuel transport companies ............................................ 273.3.3. War and civil strife ..................................................... 293.3.4. Weak governance, institutional deficiencyand civil disobedience ................................................ 293.3.5. Sophistication of hunting techniques ........................... 303.3.6. Lack of capital or infrastructure for domesticmeat production ........................................................ 313.3.7. Changes in the cultural environment and discardingof social taboos and traditional hunting embargoes ...... 323.3.8. Structural adjustment plans imposed by internationalfinancial institutions resulting in civil service job losses.. 323.3.9. Unemployment, poverty and dysfunctional economies,with lack of alternative monetary opportunities ............. 32