Figure 10. The velocity field in a plane perpendicularto the X‐axisFigure 11. The velocity field in a plane perpendicularto the Y‐axisFigure 12. The velocity field in a plane perpendicularto the Z‐axisFluid–structure interaction (FSI) can be simulated thevelocity field in different planes and the pressurevariation in the pipe.REFERENCES[1.] Mark A. Robinson, Paul R. Sparrow, Chris Clegg, KamalBirdi, Design engineering competencies: futurerequirements and predicted changes in theforthcoming decade, Design Studies, Volume 26, Issue2, March 2005, Pages 123‐153[2.] V. Braibant, G. Sander, Optimization techniques:Synthesis of design and analysis, Finite Elements inAnalysis and Design, Volume 3, Issue 1, April 1987,Pages 57‐78[3.] H.W. Wagener, K.J. Pahl, Energy flow, energy lossesand efficiency of the hydraulic press system, Journalof Mechanical Working Technology, Volume 17, August1988, Pages 93‐102[4.] P. Doron, D. Barnea, Flow pattern maps for solid‐liquidflow in pipes, International Journal of MultiphaseFlow, Volume 22, Issue 2, April 1996, Pages 273‐283[5.] T. Kaya, R. Pérez, C. Gregori, A. Torres, Numericalsimulation of transient operation of loop heat pipes,Applied Thermal Engineering, Volume 28, Issues 8–9,June 2008, Pages 967‐974ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of Engineering[6.] K. Dasgupta, A. Chattapadhyay, S.K. Mondal,Selection of fire resistant hydraulic fluids throughsystem modeling and simulation, SimulationModelling Practice and Theory, Volume 13, Issue 1,January 2005, Pages 1‐20[7.] W. Borutzky, B. Barnard, J. Thoma, An orifice flowmodel for laminar and turbulent conditions,Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, Volume 10,Issues 3–4, 15 November 2002, Pages 141‐152[8.] Dídia Covas, Iva N. Stoianov, Joao F. Mano, HelenaRamos, Nigel Graham, Cedo Maksimovic, The dynamiceffect of pipe‐wall viscoelasticity in hydraulictransients. Part II—model development, calibrationand verification, Journal of Hydraulic Research,Volume 43, Issue 1, 2005, pages 56‐70[9.] Valentin Heller, Scale effects in physical hydraulicengineering models, Journal of Hydraulic Research,Volume 49, Issue 3, 2011, pages 293‐306[10.] Michael B. Abbott, Karsten Havn, Sten Lindberg, Thefourth generation of numerical modelling inhydraulics, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Volume 29,Issue 5, 1991, pages 581‐600[11.] Hricová, B., Nakatová, H., Badida, M., Lumnitzer, E..(2009) Aplication of ecodesign and life cycleassessment in evaluation of machine products, MMA2009, Novi Sad, Serbia, p. 250‐253[12.] Hricová, B., Nakatová, H., Badida, M., Lumnitzer, E..(2009) Utilisation of tools of environmentalmanagement in evaluation of environmental profile ofproducts, MTeM 2009, Cluj‐Napoca , Romania, p. 317‐320[13.] Košťál, P., Mudriková, A., Velíšek, K. (2008). Materialflow in flexible manufacturing. 4th InternationalScientific Conference of the Military <strong>Technica</strong>l College.The 13th International Conference on AppliedMechanics and Mechanical Engineering, Arab Republicof Egypt, Cairo[14.] Lamár, K. (2004), Digital Control of Permanent MagnetSynchronous Motors, Proceedings of the BudapestTech Jubilee Conference, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 213‐228[15.] Antal, G., Lamár, K. (2002), Modern Solutions toIntegrated Building Automation Systems, Proceedingsof the International Conference ”Kandó 2002”,Budapest, Hungary, p.5‐10[16.] Neszveda, J. (2009). Safety Lifecycle of IntermittentlyOperated Device, Academic and Applied Research inMilitary Science, Vol.8, Issue 2, pp. 203–211[17.] Anagnostopoulos, J. (2003), Discretization oftransport equations on 2D Cartesian unstructuredgrids using data from remote cells for the convectionterms. International Journal for Numerical Methods inFluids 42(3), 297 – 32[18.] Choudhary, K., Mazumdar, Dipak, (1995).Mathematical modeling of fluid flow, heat transferand solidification phenomena in continuous casting ofsteel, Steel Research, 66, No. 5[19.] F. Stella, M. Giangi, F. Paglia, A. Casata, D. Simone, P.Gaudenzi, A numerical simulation of fluid–structureinteraction in internal flows, Numerical Heat Transfer,Part B: Fundamentals: An International Journal ofComputation and Methodology, Volume 47, Issue 5,2005, pages 403‐418[20.] Peter Beater, Modeling and Digital Simulation ofHydraulic Systems in Design and EngineeringEducation using Modelica and HyLib, ModelicaWorkshop 2000, 2000, Lund, Sweden[21.] W. Borutzky, B. Barnard, J. Thoma, An orifice flowmodel for laminar and turbulent conditions,Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, Volume 10,Issues 3–4, 15 November 2002, Pages 141–1521002012. Fascicule 3 [July–September]
1.Preetida VINAYAKRAY‐JANI, 2. Sugata SANYALROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR MOBILE AND VEHICULAR AD HOCNETWORKS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS1.DA_IICT, GANDHINAGAR, INDIA2.TATA INSTITUTE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH, MUMBAI, INDIAABSTRACT: We present comparative analysis of MANET (Mobile Ad‐Hoc Network) and VANET (Vehicular Ad‐Hoc Network)routing protocols, in this paper. The analysis is based on various design factors. The traditional routing protocols of AODV(Ad hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector), DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), and DSDV (Destination‐Sequenced Distance‐Vector)of MANET are utilizing node centric routing which leads to frequent breaking of routes, causing instability in routing. Usageof these protocols in high mobility environment like VANET may eventually cause many packets to drop. Route repairs andfailures notification overheads increase significantly leading to low throughput and long delays. Such phenomenon is notsuitable for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANET) due to high mobility of nodes where network can be dense or sparse.Researchers have proposed various routing algorithms or mechanism for MANET and VANET. This paper describes therelevant protocols, associated algorithm and the strength and weakness of these routing protocols.KEYWORDS: Mobile Ad‐Hoc Network, Vehicular Ad‐Hoc Network, Routing Protocols, Geographic Source Routing (GSR),Spatially Aware packet Routing (SAR), Anchor‐based Street and Traffic (A‐STAR) aware routing, Connectivity AwareRoutingINTRODUCTIONAn emerging Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) andVehicular Mobile Networks (VANET) are expected toform network centric communications. Large numberof mobile nodes communicates through single ormulti‐hop routing protocols. Although VANET is one ofthe classified scenarios of MANET, VANET nodes formhighly dynamic network where node density could beeither dense or sparse. Besides vehicle radios havevery limited radio range and must communicate withone another by multi‐hop routing protocols.Apparently, widely varying mobility characteristics ofmobile or vehicular nodes are expected to have asignificant impact on the performance of routingprotocols. Therefore even though researchers havedeveloped routing protocols like Ad hoc On‐demandVector (AODV), Dynamic Source Routing (DSR),Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) etc. forMANET [2], these protocols cannot be directlyadopted in VANETs, efficiently, because of the rapidvariation in link connectivity, high speed andextremely varied density of vehicular nodes in VANET.Researchers have developed special routing protocolsfor VANET [3], and these are aimed to adapt rapidlychanging mobility pattern of the vehicular nodes.Although such mobility characteristics exhibit spatialor temporal dependency of nodes, they areinsufficient to capture some important mobilitycharacteristics of scenarios in which MANETs may bedeployed, i.e. the mobility characteristics generateprotocol independent metrics [18]. But eventually thisprotocol independent metrics significantly influencesthe routing protocol performance. Attempt is made tocategorize and summarize the routing protocols, asper the design factors, that influence the mobilityperformance.This paper attempts to provide design factors thataffect MANET and VANETs in section II. Subsections IIalso provide classification and qualitative comparisonof MANET and VANET routing protocols. Finallysection III discusses conclusion and open issues ofdeveloped or proposed routing protocols.DESIGN FACTORS THAT AFFECTS THE ROUTING PROTOCOLSIn general, routing protocols designed for MANET andVANET are categorized from topology point, these areeither flat, hierarchical or position based;Communication paradigm (uni‐cast or multicast orbroadcast), Delay tolerance, Quality of service, Clusterbased routingA. TopologyFlat topology: MANET routing protocols OptimizedLink State Routing (OLSR), DSDV, Wireless RoutingProtocol (WRP), Global State Routing (GSR), FisheyeState Routing (FSR), Source Tree Adaptive Routing(STAR) [7], Distance Routing Effect Algorithm forMobility (DREAM) represents flat topology whereroute updates are periodically performed thatconstantly updates the network topology. Thisperiodic updates are, regardless of network load,bandwidth or scalability. Such protocols are proactiveand do not provide power saving as router updatesare made periodicallyAlternatively researchers have also developed thereare reactive protocols in like AODV, Label‐basedMultipath Routing (LMR), Temporally‐OrderedRouting Algorithm (TORA), Location Aided Routing(LAR), Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), Flow OrientedRouting Protocol (FORP) where routing update is© copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING ‐ HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 101
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Regional Editors from MALAYSIAAbdel
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Imre TIMÁRUniversity of Pannonia,
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Ioan MILOŞANTransilvania Universit
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REFERENCES[1.] Bhavyesh Divecha, Aj
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