The Significance and Sustainability of Charcoal Production in the ...

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ABBREVIATIONS ARI Acute Respiratory Infection ASSETS Arabuko-Sokoke Schools and Ecotourism Scheme CBO Community Based Organization CCA Community Conservation Area CFA Community Forest Association CFM Community Forest Management CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research CEPF Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund DBH Diameter at Breast Height DCFA Dakatcha Community Forest Association DFO District Forest Official DWCG Dakatcha Woodland Conservation Group DWCP Dakatcha Woodland Conservation Program ECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act ES Ecosystem Service FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN FD Forestry Department GCP Ground Control Point GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographic Information Systems GOK Government of Kenya GPS Global Positioning System HEDON Household Energy Network HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HWDB Harmonized World Soil Data Base IBA Important Bird Area ICRAF World Agroforestry Center IFSP Integrated Food Security Program IGA Income Generating Activity ILO International Labour Organization of the UN IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISRIC World Soil Information ITDG Intermediate Technology Development Group IUCN International Union for Conservation KBA Key Biodiversity Area KCJ Kenya Ceramic Jiko KEFRI Kenya Forestry Research Institute KENSOTER Soil and Terrain Database for Kenya KEPA Kehitysyhteistyön Palvelukeskus (Finnish Service Centre for Development Cooperation) KFS Kenya Forest Service KIHBS Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics KNCHR Kenya National Commission of Human Rights KSh Kenyan Shilling KSS Kenya Soil Survey KWS Kenya Wildlife Service LCCS Land Cover Classification System LULCC Land Use and Land Cover Change vii
MA&D Market Analysis & Development MCC Malindi County Council MP Member of Parliament NEMA National Environment Management Authority NGO Non-Governmental Organization NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product PES Payment for Ecosystem Service PFM Participatory Forest Management RS Remote Sensing SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperation Society SFM Sustainable Forest Management SLA Sustainable Livelihood Approach SPOT Système Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre UN United Nations viii
Page 1 and 2: Master’s thesis Development Geogr
Page 3 and 4: HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO � HELSINGFORS
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study was made
Page 7 and 8: 5.1.4 Charcoal network in Dakatcha
Page 9: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Coordinate
Page 13 and 14: y human and natural factors that ca
Page 15 and 16: interviews (2 from October 2010 and
Page 17 and 18: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and re
Page 19 and 20: 1.2.6 Sustainable development and l
Page 21 and 22: including local communities and the
Page 23 and 24: Microsoft Office 2007 package was u
Page 25 and 26: makers; local dwellers; police men;
Page 27 and 28: 2.2.2 DEM, topographical maps and s
Page 29 and 30: 2.2.3 SPOT- satellite images and th
Page 31 and 32: scenes were converted to ATsatellit
Page 33 and 34: Actual classification was performed
Page 35 and 36: 3. LOCAL SETTING OF DAKATCHA WOODLA
Page 37 and 38: Data for the topography mapping is
Page 39 and 40: The mean annual temperature on the
Page 41 and 42: ushes and climbers usually between
Page 43 and 44: 65: 2.6 percent. The total life exp
Page 45 and 46: ease the adaptation or technology;
Page 47 and 48: (SACCOs) (KNBS 2007: v). Money tran
Page 49 and 50: In 2005, community members establis
Page 51 and 52: 3.2.3 Management of Dakatcha Woodla
Page 53 and 54: woodlands and size of individual la
Page 55 and 56: 58.3 percent from 1975 to 2000. The
Page 57 and 58: issues (Bryant et al. 1997: 17-18).
Page 59 and 60: Table 6. The different interests am
Page 61 and 62:
The state remains a central actor i
Page 63 and 64:
On the other hand, focusing on land
Page 65 and 66:
(Hakkarainen & Wilska 2007: 95). Le
Page 67 and 68:
exploitation of resources in a prot
Page 69 and 70:
All the changes in forest managemen
Page 71 and 72:
Commercial Afforestation), is a pro
Page 73 and 74:
accumulate assets, but also by crea
Page 75 and 76:
dependent on charcoal (KNBS 2007: 1
Page 77 and 78:
carbon monoxide, methane and partic
Page 79 and 80:
seem to be more productive and prof
Page 81 and 82:
4.5.1 Sustainable woodfuels? Amous
Page 83 and 84:
land-use development plans (Kinyanj
Page 85 and 86:
Household Energy Network (HEDON) st
Page 87 and 88:
same energy consumption and double
Page 89 and 90:
5. RESULTS Results from the questio
Page 91 and 92:
of the households are situated 1,00
Page 93 and 94:
kiosk/other business. 7 households
Page 95 and 96:
The households are experiencing pro
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 19. Household tree species a
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 22. Correlation between fire
Page 101 and 102:
them about the environmental and ot
Page 103 and 104:
Of the 53 households that were prod
Page 105 and 106:
charcoal there (Ruwa 2010). Accordi
Page 107 and 108:
5.1.5 Energy consumption in househo
Page 109 and 110:
said they were promised jobs. MCC C
Page 111 and 112:
5.1.7 Household awareness of excess
Page 113 and 114:
or tree size; the fractional cover
Page 115 and 116:
Mwanikah (2008: 42-44) identified s
Page 117 and 118:
Table 10 presents the hectares and
Page 119 and 120:
From the forest cover classificatio
Page 121 and 122:
summarized in an error matrix. The
Page 123 and 124:
acknowledged, the large amounts of
Page 125 and 126:
Despite the poor conditions, pineap
Page 127 and 128:
several smaller sacks could be foun
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. Dakatcha Woodland vegetat
Page 131 and 132:
Anthropogenic factors have contribu
Page 133 and 134:
practice, different sections of the
Page 135 and 136:
natural environment and thus deteri
Page 137 and 138:
however, that formalisation of the
Page 139 and 140:
the other hand, the eco-tourism dev
Page 141 and 142:
promoted by the Charcoal Regulation
Page 143 and 144:
My background as a development geog
Page 145 and 146:
Boyd, J. & S. Banzhaf (2007). What
Page 147 and 148:
GOK (2009). The Forest (Harvesting)
Page 149 and 150:
Information Systems for Resources M
Page 151 and 152:
Program, United Nations Department
Page 153 and 154:
APPENDICES: APPENDIX 1 Questionnair
Page 155 and 156:
2.6.8. Is the charcoal produced for
Page 157 and 158:
APPENDIX 2 Signature separability l
Page 159 and 160:
Signature Separability Listing for
Page 161 and 162:
50 Msufi Mwitu Bamba Bombax rhodogn
Page 163 and 164:
158 Mkayamba Delonix regia 159 Vepr
Page 165 and 166:
Ignorance/ illiteracy High populati
Page 167 and 168:
Water 6 5 5 83.33% 100.00% Woodland
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