The Significance and Sustainability of Charcoal Production in the ...

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livelihoods, at the same time. The NGO got support from Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF). The local population is in a key position in sustainable uses of the woodlands: according to Nature Kenya (2008: 3) the impacts of environmental degradation must become knowledged by them but at the same time they must be involved in locally based initiatives that will enable the utilization of the natural resources in a sustainable way. The Master Plan for Dakatcha Woodland discusses the possibilities to develop further community livelihood initiatives of which two: bee-keeping and eco-tourism are discussed later (Mbuvi et al. 2011: 40-41, 50) (Table 5). Livelihood initiatives can work as concrete ways to reduce poverty if factors such as management skills, quality, access to markets, and transportation are in place (White & Mustalahti 2005: 93). Table 5. Community Livelihood initiatives (modified from tables in Mbuvi et al. 2011: 40-41, 50). Livelihood activity / Status Appropriate area & project potential Beekeeping Starting with beehives In 5 locations of Marafa provided and training division Construct done over 600 hives processing and issued marketing centre Eco-tourism Marafa Hell’s Kitchen is the main ecotourism site attracting over 200 visitor per month Open up other ecotourism sites e.g. Bore Shingwaya camping site, shujaa Mekatilili, Kapangani rock 37 Requirements Langstroth & Top Bar hives, harvesting gear, honey processing machines, vehicle for honey collection and marketing Camping gears, trainings, marketing Agroforestry Started Marafa, Adu, Garashi & Tree seedlings, Tree nursery Bungale equipments, trainings Crop farming Subsistence crop Suitable areas Need to use local manure, growing fertilizer and certified seeds Dairy goats keeping Community dairy Suitable areas Need to introduce improved processing unit has been established at Marafa by Min. Of Livestock & ALLPRO cattle & goat breeds Beef farming Local Zebu cattle are Suitable areas Introduce high pioneer reared breeds Provision of water Started Started from Baricho – Pipes, water kiosks Soson – Marafa water establishment, construction pipeline of water tanks Butterfly farming Not yet started Marafa division Baseline Feasibility study Fish farming Not yet started (Minimal Areas near permanent Fish ponds, trainings, subsistence fishing along water market Galana / Sabaki river) sources,Introduce fish domestication through farm fish ponds
In 2005, community members established the Dakatcha Woodland Conservation Program (DWCP) that functions as an umbrella association of four local Site Support Groups (SSGs): Mulunguni Umoja Youth Group, Baricho Youth Group, Marafa Hell’s Kitchen and Tour Guides Association and Mahenzo Youth Group (Mbuvi et al. 2011: 19). The SSGs focus on conservation and sustainable use of Dakatcha Woodland’s natural resources through promoting several community based enterprises and activities. So far some youth members have been trained and gained skills as professional tour guides, mainly based at the Hell’s Kitchen Depression where they promote responsible and sustainable tourism, conduct guided bird watching tours and engage local schools in environmental education programmes. Members of the DWCP are also engaged in bee-keeping within 17 community groups and some groups have started tree nurseries (DWCP 2010: 3, 13). The vegetation and forest cover in the area are perfect for beekeeping: trees provide much needed shade for keeping hives cool under the hot climatic conditions and they offer material for the hives (DWCP 2010: 4). More than thousand Langstroth bee hives have been distributed in Dakatcha Woodland, but due to drought and famine in the country there has been a high rate of absconding (DWCG 2011). Beekeeping plays several important roles in the livelihoods of community members: besides having potential to generate income especially in the dry season when agricultural activities do not; the medicinal value of honey and other hive products is highly rated; it supports agricultural activities through for example cross pollination; it contributes to forests conservation efforts; and, it facilitates healthy linkages between insects and plants (DWCP 2010: 4). DWCP stands a chance of making KSh2, 205,000 per year if all the hives were colonized and all produced honey at least 70 percent (14,700 liters in total) of the known maximum yield, and sold it at KSh150 per litre. Hotels constitute the largest market for processed honey in the Kenyan Coast. In 2008 the honey processing centre Kipepeo in Gede in the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest sold more than 1,500 liters of honey, 60 percent of all processed at the center, to hotels for KSh750 per liter. (DWCG 2010: 6). As an IBA, Dakatcha Woodland is a key site for the conservation of birds and other biodiversity of the East African Coastal Forests ecosystem (DWCG 2010: 15-16). Beautiful landscapes, rich biodiversity and cultural attractions in the area make it fit for eco-tourism (ibid. 15-16). The government policy and the NGOs willingness to develop northern Kenya and other arid areas also present a perfect opportunity for future development of eco-tourism in the area. However, competing land uses and poor marketing and infrastructure together 38
Page 1 and 2: Master’s thesis Development Geogr
Page 3 and 4: HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO � HELSINGFORS
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study was made
Page 7 and 8: 5.1.4 Charcoal network in Dakatcha
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Coordinate
Page 11 and 12: MA&D Market Analysis & Development
Page 13 and 14: y human and natural factors that ca
Page 15 and 16: interviews (2 from October 2010 and
Page 17 and 18: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and re
Page 19 and 20: 1.2.6 Sustainable development and l
Page 21 and 22: including local communities and the
Page 23 and 24: Microsoft Office 2007 package was u
Page 25 and 26: makers; local dwellers; police men;
Page 27 and 28: 2.2.2 DEM, topographical maps and s
Page 29 and 30: 2.2.3 SPOT- satellite images and th
Page 31 and 32: scenes were converted to ATsatellit
Page 33 and 34: Actual classification was performed
Page 35 and 36: 3. LOCAL SETTING OF DAKATCHA WOODLA
Page 37 and 38: Data for the topography mapping is
Page 39 and 40: The mean annual temperature on the
Page 41 and 42: ushes and climbers usually between
Page 43 and 44: 65: 2.6 percent. The total life exp
Page 45 and 46: ease the adaptation or technology;
Page 47: (SACCOs) (KNBS 2007: v). Money tran
Page 51 and 52: 3.2.3 Management of Dakatcha Woodla
Page 53 and 54: woodlands and size of individual la
Page 55 and 56: 58.3 percent from 1975 to 2000. The
Page 57 and 58: issues (Bryant et al. 1997: 17-18).
Page 59 and 60: Table 6. The different interests am
Page 61 and 62: The state remains a central actor i
Page 63 and 64: On the other hand, focusing on land
Page 65 and 66: (Hakkarainen & Wilska 2007: 95). Le
Page 67 and 68: exploitation of resources in a prot
Page 69 and 70: All the changes in forest managemen
Page 71 and 72: Commercial Afforestation), is a pro
Page 73 and 74: accumulate assets, but also by crea
Page 75 and 76: dependent on charcoal (KNBS 2007: 1
Page 77 and 78: carbon monoxide, methane and partic
Page 79 and 80: seem to be more productive and prof
Page 81 and 82: 4.5.1 Sustainable woodfuels? Amous
Page 83 and 84: land-use development plans (Kinyanj
Page 85 and 86: Household Energy Network (HEDON) st
Page 87 and 88: same energy consumption and double
Page 89 and 90: 5. RESULTS Results from the questio
Page 91 and 92: of the households are situated 1,00
Page 93 and 94: kiosk/other business. 7 households
Page 95 and 96: The households are experiencing pro
Page 97 and 98: Figure 19. Household tree species a
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 22. Correlation between fire
Page 101 and 102:
them about the environmental and ot
Page 103 and 104:
Of the 53 households that were prod
Page 105 and 106:
charcoal there (Ruwa 2010). Accordi
Page 107 and 108:
5.1.5 Energy consumption in househo
Page 109 and 110:
said they were promised jobs. MCC C
Page 111 and 112:
5.1.7 Household awareness of excess
Page 113 and 114:
or tree size; the fractional cover
Page 115 and 116:
Mwanikah (2008: 42-44) identified s
Page 117 and 118:
Table 10 presents the hectares and
Page 119 and 120:
From the forest cover classificatio
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summarized in an error matrix. The
Page 123 and 124:
acknowledged, the large amounts of
Page 125 and 126:
Despite the poor conditions, pineap
Page 127 and 128:
several smaller sacks could be foun
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. Dakatcha Woodland vegetat
Page 131 and 132:
Anthropogenic factors have contribu
Page 133 and 134:
practice, different sections of the
Page 135 and 136:
natural environment and thus deteri
Page 137 and 138:
however, that formalisation of the
Page 139 and 140:
the other hand, the eco-tourism dev
Page 141 and 142:
promoted by the Charcoal Regulation
Page 143 and 144:
My background as a development geog
Page 145 and 146:
Boyd, J. & S. Banzhaf (2007). What
Page 147 and 148:
GOK (2009). The Forest (Harvesting)
Page 149 and 150:
Information Systems for Resources M
Page 151 and 152:
Program, United Nations Department
Page 153 and 154:
APPENDICES: APPENDIX 1 Questionnair
Page 155 and 156:
2.6.8. Is the charcoal produced for
Page 157 and 158:
APPENDIX 2 Signature separability l
Page 159 and 160:
Signature Separability Listing for
Page 161 and 162:
50 Msufi Mwitu Bamba Bombax rhodogn
Page 163 and 164:
158 Mkayamba Delonix regia 159 Vepr
Page 165 and 166:
Ignorance/ illiteracy High populati
Page 167 and 168:
Water 6 5 5 83.33% 100.00% Woodland
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