The Significance and Sustainability of Charcoal Production in the ...

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Critical Realism, that is the main paradigm in this study, recognizes the need for hermeneutical understanding of the world and events that cause it to change. The scope is thus the reflection and interpretation of the nature of events and the wider mechanisms that enable them as well as the causal forces or structures from which they emerge (ibid. 2010: 18, 21). Event in this study is the charcoal production that takes place in a certain location where its significance and sustainability is studied. The wider structures of the event, as well as the causes and consequences are reflected in the local setting, but also related into a more global scale using varied research methodologies that draw from Natural Science and Social Science traditions, from GIS and RS, and Development Geography. Many geographical studies, including this one, are holistic in their nature. They attempt to understand the totality of the Earth’s surface by combining methods and by covering a range of scales from local to global; by focusing on the interdependence of people and environment; by involving a multidimensional approach to space and time; by investigating inclusive objects of study like landscapes, places and regions (Matthews & Herbert 2004: 21-25). The research is inductive in its nature when a theory or a model is formed based on empirical evidence. The deductive approach is used when an existing theory is used to form hypothesis and the empirical evidence is used to prove (or disapprove) the hypothesis and theory (Hirsjärvi et al. 2004: 134-135). Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (MA 2005: 5) sets the biodiversity and ecosystem service theory on which the study stands: diminishing biodiversity and weakened ESs cause deterioration of livelihoods. Thus we can call part of this study deductive; since the hypothesis derived from the theory is used to see things on the field and the things (the empirical evidence) proves or disapproves the hypothesis. On the other hand the local context defines the possibilities for the local population, and thus the empirical evidence can be the base for making a theory or a hypothesis about survival strategies in areas similar to the one studied here. 2.1 Research methodology Commonly used methodologies in both Human and Physical Geography include Cartography (including GIS and RS) that is related to the recording and representing the surface of the Earth, and Field Work that reflects the need for primary empirical data be it gathered and analysed through extensive sampling or intensive case studies and with quantitative measurement or qualitative observation methods (Matthews & Herbert 2004: 22-23). By 9
including local communities and their actions the study forms part of Social Science research traditions, where as throug the use of RS and GIS methods the study examines the physical environment and its change. These methodologies allow geography to address significant problems of society and the environment using explicitly spatial data, information, evidence and knowledge. Also, they represent two important media through which geographical information can be brought to wider public (Longley & Barnsley 2004: 62). RS is an essential tool of land-change science because it facilitates observations across larger extents of Earth’s surface than is possible by ground-based observation (EOEARTH 2011). In Development Geography geographers study spatial patterns in development in various scales from local to global. The discipline analyses the causes and consequences, both geographical and socio-economical, of differencies in human and environmental well-being. It also analyses variation across space and linkages among places (Bebbington 2003: 298). Often all factors: environmental, economic, political and social are studied and various methods and data are used. In the discipline development can be understood as the arena in which diverse actors (operating from different places and at different scales) struggle to rework the balance of control over access to resources as well as the control over and transformation of those. Core concepts in development geography, place, livelihood, scale and network, are essential for the forthcoming reasons elaborated by Bebbington (2003: 298). According to him, places are structuring elements of livelihoods. However, places are also produced by livelihoods of the people. The knowledge of place facilitates us to understand how geography-forming decisions are made, where as the knowledge of livelihoods enables us to understand better the processes which lead into decisions in different scales. Understanding of different scales is essential to understand places and related processes; where as the concept of network helps us to understanding of linkages across the scales (Bebbington 2003: 301-302). Development is often measured by indicators, quantitative and qualitative, economic and social, that are used to describe the current state of development in the research area and to relate it to the situation in the country or in the global South or North, or in the world. This study emphasizes the sustainability of actions that may lead to development or to a decrease in wealth and equality. Sustainable development is studied to understand how to meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations to meet their own needs as defined by the Brundtland’s Commission in 1987 (WCED/UN 1987: 57). The field 10
Page 1 and 2: Master’s thesis Development Geogr
Page 3 and 4: HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO � HELSINGFORS
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study was made
Page 7 and 8: 5.1.4 Charcoal network in Dakatcha
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Coordinate
Page 11 and 12: MA&D Market Analysis & Development
Page 13 and 14: y human and natural factors that ca
Page 15 and 16: interviews (2 from October 2010 and
Page 17 and 18: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and re
Page 19: 1.2.6 Sustainable development and l
Page 23 and 24: Microsoft Office 2007 package was u
Page 25 and 26: makers; local dwellers; police men;
Page 27 and 28: 2.2.2 DEM, topographical maps and s
Page 29 and 30: 2.2.3 SPOT- satellite images and th
Page 31 and 32: scenes were converted to ATsatellit
Page 33 and 34: Actual classification was performed
Page 35 and 36: 3. LOCAL SETTING OF DAKATCHA WOODLA
Page 37 and 38: Data for the topography mapping is
Page 39 and 40: The mean annual temperature on the
Page 41 and 42: ushes and climbers usually between
Page 43 and 44: 65: 2.6 percent. The total life exp
Page 45 and 46: ease the adaptation or technology;
Page 47 and 48: (SACCOs) (KNBS 2007: v). Money tran
Page 49 and 50: In 2005, community members establis
Page 51 and 52: 3.2.3 Management of Dakatcha Woodla
Page 53 and 54: woodlands and size of individual la
Page 55 and 56: 58.3 percent from 1975 to 2000. The
Page 57 and 58: issues (Bryant et al. 1997: 17-18).
Page 59 and 60: Table 6. The different interests am
Page 61 and 62: The state remains a central actor i
Page 63 and 64: On the other hand, focusing on land
Page 65 and 66: (Hakkarainen & Wilska 2007: 95). Le
Page 67 and 68: exploitation of resources in a prot
Page 69 and 70: All the changes in forest managemen
Page 71 and 72:
Commercial Afforestation), is a pro
Page 73 and 74:
accumulate assets, but also by crea
Page 75 and 76:
dependent on charcoal (KNBS 2007: 1
Page 77 and 78:
carbon monoxide, methane and partic
Page 79 and 80:
seem to be more productive and prof
Page 81 and 82:
4.5.1 Sustainable woodfuels? Amous
Page 83 and 84:
land-use development plans (Kinyanj
Page 85 and 86:
Household Energy Network (HEDON) st
Page 87 and 88:
same energy consumption and double
Page 89 and 90:
5. RESULTS Results from the questio
Page 91 and 92:
of the households are situated 1,00
Page 93 and 94:
kiosk/other business. 7 households
Page 95 and 96:
The households are experiencing pro
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 19. Household tree species a
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 22. Correlation between fire
Page 101 and 102:
them about the environmental and ot
Page 103 and 104:
Of the 53 households that were prod
Page 105 and 106:
charcoal there (Ruwa 2010). Accordi
Page 107 and 108:
5.1.5 Energy consumption in househo
Page 109 and 110:
said they were promised jobs. MCC C
Page 111 and 112:
5.1.7 Household awareness of excess
Page 113 and 114:
or tree size; the fractional cover
Page 115 and 116:
Mwanikah (2008: 42-44) identified s
Page 117 and 118:
Table 10 presents the hectares and
Page 119 and 120:
From the forest cover classificatio
Page 121 and 122:
summarized in an error matrix. The
Page 123 and 124:
acknowledged, the large amounts of
Page 125 and 126:
Despite the poor conditions, pineap
Page 127 and 128:
several smaller sacks could be foun
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. Dakatcha Woodland vegetat
Page 131 and 132:
Anthropogenic factors have contribu
Page 133 and 134:
practice, different sections of the
Page 135 and 136:
natural environment and thus deteri
Page 137 and 138:
however, that formalisation of the
Page 139 and 140:
the other hand, the eco-tourism dev
Page 141 and 142:
promoted by the Charcoal Regulation
Page 143 and 144:
My background as a development geog
Page 145 and 146:
Boyd, J. & S. Banzhaf (2007). What
Page 147 and 148:
GOK (2009). The Forest (Harvesting)
Page 149 and 150:
Information Systems for Resources M
Page 151 and 152:
Program, United Nations Department
Page 153 and 154:
APPENDICES: APPENDIX 1 Questionnair
Page 155 and 156:
2.6.8. Is the charcoal produced for
Page 157 and 158:
APPENDIX 2 Signature separability l
Page 159 and 160:
Signature Separability Listing for
Page 161 and 162:
50 Msufi Mwitu Bamba Bombax rhodogn
Page 163 and 164:
158 Mkayamba Delonix regia 159 Vepr
Page 165 and 166:
Ignorance/ illiteracy High populati
Page 167 and 168:
Water 6 5 5 83.33% 100.00% Woodland
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