The Significance and Sustainability of Charcoal Production in the ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

of sustainable development can be conceptually broken into three constituent parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and sociopolitical sustainability. The study is a case study that concentrates to a specific area and specific time. Other factors that relate to a case study are: the intensity of the information, interest in processes, and the relation between the case and its' context and the versatility of the methods used to acquire data (Hirsjärvi et al. 2004: 125-126). Qualitative and quantitative data can be thus combined in a case study. In this study, the RS part is mainly measuring the change of land cover, which is attained with a quantitative approach. The further research about the causes and consequences of the land cover change are clearly more qualitative in their nature. Hirsjärvi et al. (2004: 126) continue that the objective of a case study as a research strategy is commonly to describe phenomena, in this case the significance and sustainability of charcoal production related to social and environmental sustainability. 2.2 Data and its processing Data utilized for this study comprises of primary data: satellite images and GIS data for spatial analysis; observations, questionnaires, informal communications and semi-structured interviews for detailed socio-economic data collection; and of secondary data: maps, household assessments, statistics and literature. Two field work periods took place for this study: first in September-October 2010 and the other in April-May 2011. GIS ans RS data comprises of satellite imagery from SPOT (Le Système Pour l’Observation de la Terre, Earth Observation System) satellite that was used due to appropriate resolution and access to suitable scenes. Other data used comprises of other GIS data including DEM data, topographical maps and soil data. RS and GIS data was obtained both by desk-studies as well in-situ measurements and observations. Spatial data, related to charcoal production sites and household locations, for collecting ground truth data and ground reference test data for the accuracy assessment, was collected using Global Positioning System (GPS) device MAGELLAN along visual land cover type observation conducted by foot and by car across the area. Nature Kenya and A Rocha Kenya provided secondary data for compiling shapefiles and ERDAS IMAGINE 9.2 and ENVI softwares were used for deriving the land cover data. For mapping purposes and analysation ArcGIS 9.3 applications were utilized, and observations were marked as sample areas on the satellite image print with a water-proof marker. Field measurements were used to collect data related to tree species diffusion. 11
Microsoft Office 2007 package was used in data processing, too. Topographic maps from years 1981 and 1991 provide the projection parameters for the mapping, and they were utilized in the field work. My survey is supplementing a more broad socio-economic household survey conducted in Dakatcha Woodland in January 2010 by Nature Kenya. In that survey 508 households were questioned about farm size and forest use; crops and livestock; income; wild animals use and value; construction and repair material; herbal plants and cultural/traditional use of the forest. Household data from Mbuvi et al. (2011) proved extremely useful for its recent nature. Other studies that are used for the data comparison include A Rocha Kenya study from 2009 and the Kenya Integrated Household Budget survey by KNBS from 2007. The last mentioned has an effective coverage and response rate of 98 percent. A total of 8610 rural and 4820 urban households were questioned in national level; 680 rural and 600 urban in the Coast region; and 90 rural and 80 urban in Malindi area (KNBS 2007: 4). A Baseline Survey by Musila et al (2006: 4) that aimed to set a baseline on the conservation and birds’ status of Dakatcha with a view to finding a long-term solution to the conservation challenges of the woodland is utilized, too. The survey also included informal interviews conducted in Mlunguni Village Market in Kasikini in Baricho forest block (Musila et al. 2006: 5-6). The KNCHR (2006) report provides district related information about households, livelihoods and land tenure. ‘Kenya Coast Handbook: Culture, Resources and Development in the East African Littoral’ edited by Hoorweg et al. (2003) provides large amount of physical and human geographic information about specific features that relate to Kenyan coastal areas, including Dakatcha Woodland. Eliasch (2008) discusses in ‘Climate Change: Financing Global Forests: The Eliasch Review’ the causes and impacts of deforestation and about needed changes in policies for sustainable land and forest management, Bryant et al. (1997) pose similar arguments in ‘The Last Frontier Forests: Ecosystems and Economies on the Edge’ for sustainable management systems to avoid deforestation where as FAO (2006) ‘Better Forestry, Less Poverty. A Practioner’s Guide’ discusses the alternative management systems in order to improve the participation of poor and landless. White and Mustalahti (2005) make analyses of the vulnerability and sustainability of livelihoods in ‘Finnish Forestry Assistance: Success Story of Failure? Analyses of Case Studies from Sub-Saharan Africa and their Possible Impacts on Poverty Reduction’. 12
Page 1 and 2: Master’s thesis Development Geogr
Page 3 and 4: HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO � HELSINGFORS
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study was made
Page 7 and 8: 5.1.4 Charcoal network in Dakatcha
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Coordinate
Page 11 and 12: MA&D Market Analysis & Development
Page 13 and 14: y human and natural factors that ca
Page 15 and 16: interviews (2 from October 2010 and
Page 17 and 18: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and re
Page 19 and 20: 1.2.6 Sustainable development and l
Page 21: including local communities and the
Page 25 and 26: makers; local dwellers; police men;
Page 27 and 28: 2.2.2 DEM, topographical maps and s
Page 29 and 30: 2.2.3 SPOT- satellite images and th
Page 31 and 32: scenes were converted to ATsatellit
Page 33 and 34: Actual classification was performed
Page 35 and 36: 3. LOCAL SETTING OF DAKATCHA WOODLA
Page 37 and 38: Data for the topography mapping is
Page 39 and 40: The mean annual temperature on the
Page 41 and 42: ushes and climbers usually between
Page 43 and 44: 65: 2.6 percent. The total life exp
Page 45 and 46: ease the adaptation or technology;
Page 47 and 48: (SACCOs) (KNBS 2007: v). Money tran
Page 49 and 50: In 2005, community members establis
Page 51 and 52: 3.2.3 Management of Dakatcha Woodla
Page 53 and 54: woodlands and size of individual la
Page 55 and 56: 58.3 percent from 1975 to 2000. The
Page 57 and 58: issues (Bryant et al. 1997: 17-18).
Page 59 and 60: Table 6. The different interests am
Page 61 and 62: The state remains a central actor i
Page 63 and 64: On the other hand, focusing on land
Page 65 and 66: (Hakkarainen & Wilska 2007: 95). Le
Page 67 and 68: exploitation of resources in a prot
Page 69 and 70: All the changes in forest managemen
Page 71 and 72: Commercial Afforestation), is a pro
Page 73 and 74:
accumulate assets, but also by crea
Page 75 and 76:
dependent on charcoal (KNBS 2007: 1
Page 77 and 78:
carbon monoxide, methane and partic
Page 79 and 80:
seem to be more productive and prof
Page 81 and 82:
4.5.1 Sustainable woodfuels? Amous
Page 83 and 84:
land-use development plans (Kinyanj
Page 85 and 86:
Household Energy Network (HEDON) st
Page 87 and 88:
same energy consumption and double
Page 89 and 90:
5. RESULTS Results from the questio
Page 91 and 92:
of the households are situated 1,00
Page 93 and 94:
kiosk/other business. 7 households
Page 95 and 96:
The households are experiencing pro
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 19. Household tree species a
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 22. Correlation between fire
Page 101 and 102:
them about the environmental and ot
Page 103 and 104:
Of the 53 households that were prod
Page 105 and 106:
charcoal there (Ruwa 2010). Accordi
Page 107 and 108:
5.1.5 Energy consumption in househo
Page 109 and 110:
said they were promised jobs. MCC C
Page 111 and 112:
5.1.7 Household awareness of excess
Page 113 and 114:
or tree size; the fractional cover
Page 115 and 116:
Mwanikah (2008: 42-44) identified s
Page 117 and 118:
Table 10 presents the hectares and
Page 119 and 120:
From the forest cover classificatio
Page 121 and 122:
summarized in an error matrix. The
Page 123 and 124:
acknowledged, the large amounts of
Page 125 and 126:
Despite the poor conditions, pineap
Page 127 and 128:
several smaller sacks could be foun
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. Dakatcha Woodland vegetat
Page 131 and 132:
Anthropogenic factors have contribu
Page 133 and 134:
practice, different sections of the
Page 135 and 136:
natural environment and thus deteri
Page 137 and 138:
however, that formalisation of the
Page 139 and 140:
the other hand, the eco-tourism dev
Page 141 and 142:
promoted by the Charcoal Regulation
Page 143 and 144:
My background as a development geog
Page 145 and 146:
Boyd, J. & S. Banzhaf (2007). What
Page 147 and 148:
GOK (2009). The Forest (Harvesting)
Page 149 and 150:
Information Systems for Resources M
Page 151 and 152:
Program, United Nations Department
Page 153 and 154:
APPENDICES: APPENDIX 1 Questionnair
Page 155 and 156:
2.6.8. Is the charcoal produced for
Page 157 and 158:
APPENDIX 2 Signature separability l
Page 159 and 160:
Signature Separability Listing for
Page 161 and 162:
50 Msufi Mwitu Bamba Bombax rhodogn
Page 163 and 164:
158 Mkayamba Delonix regia 159 Vepr
Page 165 and 166:
Ignorance/ illiteracy High populati
Page 167 and 168:
Water 6 5 5 83.33% 100.00% Woodland
show all

The Significance and Sustainability of Charcoal Production in the ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?