The Significance and Sustainability of Charcoal Production in the ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The exact plant and animal species composition is unknown yet Dakatcha Woodland holds substantial populations of endangered and vulnerable species; for instance, five globally threatened species of birds (Clarke’s Weaver - Ploceus golandi, Sokoke Pipit - Anthus sokokensis, Southern-banded Snake Eagle - Circaetus fasciolatus, Sokoke Scops Owl - Otus ireneae and Fischer’s Turaco - Tauraco f. fischeri) and four mammals species (Cephalophus adersi, Rhynchocyon chrysopygus, Bdeogale crassicauda omnivore, Beamys hindei), and over 11 taxa of rare plants (IUCN 2005; Bennun & Njogore 1999 in Musila et al. 2006:3). Appendix 3 gives more details regarding the vegetation and species in the area, and contains a three language list of known tree species in Dakatcha Woodland. 3.2 Socio-economic features Next, important socio-economic features of the area are presented. These include: household data; development and poverty in the area; income-generating activities; management situation and human influence to woodlands. 3.2.1 Household data Human settlement started in Dakatcha Woodland in 1500AD as the Mijikenda started settling in the area. Dakatcha forest was known as Soso – a forest with many brachystegia species (Mrihi) - by the local Watha hunter-gatherer community (Mbuvi et al. 2011: 19). Mijikenda is the largest community in the coastal regions of Kenya, but Giriama as a sub-group in it, is the main occupants of Magarini district and the main Bantu-speaking population in the area (A Rocha Kenya 2009b: 1-2; Middleton 2003: 103). The Giriama started sedentary lifestyle in the area in the 1940s. They are mostly farmers growing a wide range of subsistence and modern cash crops. In the 1980s there was an influx of other tribes, like the Kambas (A Rocha Kenya 2009b: 1-2), and in 1991 Somali refugees were temporarily settled at Government Inspection Station near Marafa (Mbuvi et al. 2011: 18-19). The population figure in Kenya was 39,423,264 in the national census in August 2009. It has increased in average by one million per year since 1999 (Diaz-Chavez et al. 2011: 71). The annual population growth rate is approximately 2.7 percent whereas in the Malindi District it is as high as 3.9 percent according to the Ministry of Planning and National Development (KNCHR 2006: 39-40). 75 percent of the Kenyan population is under 30 years of age: 0 to 14 year olds constitute 42.3 percent of the population, 15 to 64 year olds 55.1 percent and over 31
65: 2.6 percent. The total life expectancy at birth is 57.86 years (57.49 for males and 58.24 for females) (Diaz-Chavez et al. 2011: 71). Mbuvi et al. (2010: 19) found the population of Dakatcha Woodland to be approximately 30,000 in 2010 whereas the district statistics reveal the total population in the Magarini district to be 160,154 in 2009 (Marafa Government Office 2011). The population density is 70 people per square kilometre – Marafa Division being less densily populated with 62,705 people in 1675.1 square kilometres compared to 97,449 people in 741.7 square kilometres in the Magarini Division (ibid. 2011). The population is sparsely distributed with more people concentrated in major trading centres such as Marafa (location has 10.2 percent of the total population), Garashi, Baricho and Adu (Mbuvi et al. 2011: 19; Marafa Government Office 2011). The distribution of people is affected by factors such as rainfall, altitude, and AEZs but also by administrative policy (i.e. settlement schemes) (Macoloo 2003: 331). In Dakatcha Woodland, climatic conditions, poor soils, economic activities such as farming for subsistence and livestock rearing and scarcity of water contribute to low population density (A Rocha Kenya 2009b: 1-2). The statistics of KNBS (2007: 10, 16) reveal that average household size in Kenya in 2005 was 5.1 (in rural areas 5.5 / urban 4.0); in the Coast Region 5.5 and in Malindi District 6.8. A socio-economic household survey from Dakatcha Woodland found that average household has seven members (Nature Kenya 2010a), as is the case also with data collected by Mbuvi et al. (2011: 19): average household size of seven persons translating to 4,286 households. District statistics give 6.4 as an average household member figure (Marafa Government Office 2011). According to Nature Kenya (2010a) and Marafa Government Office (2011) 52 percent of the population in the area is female. In Malindi area, to which Dakatcha Woodland is part of in the KNBS classification, 65.6 percent of the population (78.9 percent for males and 54.6 for women) above 15 years can read and write. Compared to the national figures in rural areas (male: 82.2 and female 69.6 percent), one understands that the population in Malindi area is less educated than average (KNBS 2007: 44). 13.7 percent of the 6 to 17 year olds have never attended school (KNBS 2007: 36). Total primary education enrolment rate for boys is 84.6 percent and 67.7 percent for girls while country levels stand at 95 percent for boys and 90 percent for girls. Nearly half of the boys and mere half of the girls tend to drop out from primary education and only 14.7 percent of the boys and 1.7 percent of the girls reach secondary level - the district has one of 32
Page 1 and 2: Master’s thesis Development Geogr
Page 3 and 4: HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO � HELSINGFORS
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study was made
Page 7 and 8: 5.1.4 Charcoal network in Dakatcha
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Coordinate
Page 11 and 12: MA&D Market Analysis & Development
Page 13 and 14: y human and natural factors that ca
Page 15 and 16: interviews (2 from October 2010 and
Page 17 and 18: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and re
Page 19 and 20: 1.2.6 Sustainable development and l
Page 21 and 22: including local communities and the
Page 23 and 24: Microsoft Office 2007 package was u
Page 25 and 26: makers; local dwellers; police men;
Page 27 and 28: 2.2.2 DEM, topographical maps and s
Page 29 and 30: 2.2.3 SPOT- satellite images and th
Page 31 and 32: scenes were converted to ATsatellit
Page 33 and 34: Actual classification was performed
Page 35 and 36: 3. LOCAL SETTING OF DAKATCHA WOODLA
Page 37 and 38: Data for the topography mapping is
Page 39 and 40: The mean annual temperature on the
Page 41: ushes and climbers usually between
Page 45 and 46: ease the adaptation or technology;
Page 47 and 48: (SACCOs) (KNBS 2007: v). Money tran
Page 49 and 50: In 2005, community members establis
Page 51 and 52: 3.2.3 Management of Dakatcha Woodla
Page 53 and 54: woodlands and size of individual la
Page 55 and 56: 58.3 percent from 1975 to 2000. The
Page 57 and 58: issues (Bryant et al. 1997: 17-18).
Page 59 and 60: Table 6. The different interests am
Page 61 and 62: The state remains a central actor i
Page 63 and 64: On the other hand, focusing on land
Page 65 and 66: (Hakkarainen & Wilska 2007: 95). Le
Page 67 and 68: exploitation of resources in a prot
Page 69 and 70: All the changes in forest managemen
Page 71 and 72: Commercial Afforestation), is a pro
Page 73 and 74: accumulate assets, but also by crea
Page 75 and 76: dependent on charcoal (KNBS 2007: 1
Page 77 and 78: carbon monoxide, methane and partic
Page 79 and 80: seem to be more productive and prof
Page 81 and 82: 4.5.1 Sustainable woodfuels? Amous
Page 83 and 84: land-use development plans (Kinyanj
Page 85 and 86: Household Energy Network (HEDON) st
Page 87 and 88: same energy consumption and double
Page 89 and 90: 5. RESULTS Results from the questio
Page 91 and 92: of the households are situated 1,00
Page 93 and 94:
kiosk/other business. 7 households
Page 95 and 96:
The households are experiencing pro
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 19. Household tree species a
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 22. Correlation between fire
Page 101 and 102:
them about the environmental and ot
Page 103 and 104:
Of the 53 households that were prod
Page 105 and 106:
charcoal there (Ruwa 2010). Accordi
Page 107 and 108:
5.1.5 Energy consumption in househo
Page 109 and 110:
said they were promised jobs. MCC C
Page 111 and 112:
5.1.7 Household awareness of excess
Page 113 and 114:
or tree size; the fractional cover
Page 115 and 116:
Mwanikah (2008: 42-44) identified s
Page 117 and 118:
Table 10 presents the hectares and
Page 119 and 120:
From the forest cover classificatio
Page 121 and 122:
summarized in an error matrix. The
Page 123 and 124:
acknowledged, the large amounts of
Page 125 and 126:
Despite the poor conditions, pineap
Page 127 and 128:
several smaller sacks could be foun
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. Dakatcha Woodland vegetat
Page 131 and 132:
Anthropogenic factors have contribu
Page 133 and 134:
practice, different sections of the
Page 135 and 136:
natural environment and thus deteri
Page 137 and 138:
however, that formalisation of the
Page 139 and 140:
the other hand, the eco-tourism dev
Page 141 and 142:
promoted by the Charcoal Regulation
Page 143 and 144:
My background as a development geog
Page 145 and 146:
Boyd, J. & S. Banzhaf (2007). What
Page 147 and 148:
GOK (2009). The Forest (Harvesting)
Page 149 and 150:
Information Systems for Resources M
Page 151 and 152:
Program, United Nations Department
Page 153 and 154:
APPENDICES: APPENDIX 1 Questionnair
Page 155 and 156:
2.6.8. Is the charcoal produced for
Page 157 and 158:
APPENDIX 2 Signature separability l
Page 159 and 160:
Signature Separability Listing for
Page 161 and 162:
50 Msufi Mwitu Bamba Bombax rhodogn
Page 163 and 164:
158 Mkayamba Delonix regia 159 Vepr
Page 165 and 166:
Ignorance/ illiteracy High populati
Page 167 and 168:
Water 6 5 5 83.33% 100.00% Woodland
show all

The Significance and Sustainability of Charcoal Production in the ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?