The Significance and Sustainability of Charcoal Production in the ...

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“Without trees where can we sit away from the heat of the mid-day sun? Without trees what do cattle, goats, sheep and camels eat at the end of the dry season? Without trees, with what are homes built; with what is food cooked and where do we get fruits to eat? Without doubt, trees are good.” Teel (1993:1). i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The study was made possible by the financial support of Embassy of Finland, Nature Kenya and University of Helsinki. I am grateful to several institutions, organizations and people who shared their precious time and knowledge with me during the study: � A Rocha Kenya – Dir. Colin Jackson � Driver, research assistant and a friend – Ken Muhia Gichera � Embassy of Finland, Nairobi – Ambassador Heli Sirve � Kenya Forest Service – Malindi District Officer Kalama Ruwa � Malindi District Physical Land Use Planner – Riungu Mwenda � Marafa Government Office – an anonymous officer � Nature Kenya – Conservation Program Manager Alex Ngari, Coast Region Conservation Co-ordinator Francis Kagema and Dakatcha Woodland Site Conservation Officer Dominic Mumbu � Research Assistants in Marafa and in Sabaki Village: Thomas Kalume, Samson Katisha, Samuel Kenga, Joseph Mangi and George Odera � University of Helsinki – Prof. Petri Pellikka and Dr. Mika Siljander � University of York – Dr. Marion Pfeifer Among the people I am grateful to are the numerous local inhabitants of Dakatcha Woodland who were willing to participate in the study by sharing their time, knowledge and opinions. I also wish to thank my sister Outi for proof reading and helping with English, and my friends for supporting me during the research. In Helsinki on February 12, 2012 Eeva Ruuska ii
Page 1 and 2: Master’s thesis Development Geogr
Page 3: HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO � HELSINGFORS
Page 7 and 8: 5.1.4 Charcoal network in Dakatcha
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Coordinate
Page 11 and 12: MA&D Market Analysis & Development
Page 13 and 14: y human and natural factors that ca
Page 15 and 16: interviews (2 from October 2010 and
Page 17 and 18: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and re
Page 19 and 20: 1.2.6 Sustainable development and l
Page 21 and 22: including local communities and the
Page 23 and 24: Microsoft Office 2007 package was u
Page 25 and 26: makers; local dwellers; police men;
Page 27 and 28: 2.2.2 DEM, topographical maps and s
Page 29 and 30: 2.2.3 SPOT- satellite images and th
Page 31 and 32: scenes were converted to ATsatellit
Page 33 and 34: Actual classification was performed
Page 35 and 36: 3. LOCAL SETTING OF DAKATCHA WOODLA
Page 37 and 38: Data for the topography mapping is
Page 39 and 40: The mean annual temperature on the
Page 41 and 42: ushes and climbers usually between
Page 43 and 44: 65: 2.6 percent. The total life exp
Page 45 and 46: ease the adaptation or technology;
Page 47 and 48: (SACCOs) (KNBS 2007: v). Money tran
Page 49 and 50: In 2005, community members establis
Page 51 and 52: 3.2.3 Management of Dakatcha Woodla
Page 53 and 54: woodlands and size of individual la
Page 55 and 56:
58.3 percent from 1975 to 2000. The
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issues (Bryant et al. 1997: 17-18).
Page 59 and 60:
Table 6. The different interests am
Page 61 and 62:
The state remains a central actor i
Page 63 and 64:
On the other hand, focusing on land
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(Hakkarainen & Wilska 2007: 95). Le
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exploitation of resources in a prot
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All the changes in forest managemen
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Commercial Afforestation), is a pro
Page 73 and 74:
accumulate assets, but also by crea
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dependent on charcoal (KNBS 2007: 1
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carbon monoxide, methane and partic
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seem to be more productive and prof
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4.5.1 Sustainable woodfuels? Amous
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land-use development plans (Kinyanj
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Household Energy Network (HEDON) st
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same energy consumption and double
Page 89 and 90:
5. RESULTS Results from the questio
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of the households are situated 1,00
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kiosk/other business. 7 households
Page 95 and 96:
The households are experiencing pro
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Figure 19. Household tree species a
Page 99 and 100:
Figure 22. Correlation between fire
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them about the environmental and ot
Page 103 and 104:
Of the 53 households that were prod
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charcoal there (Ruwa 2010). Accordi
Page 107 and 108:
5.1.5 Energy consumption in househo
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said they were promised jobs. MCC C
Page 111 and 112:
5.1.7 Household awareness of excess
Page 113 and 114:
or tree size; the fractional cover
Page 115 and 116:
Mwanikah (2008: 42-44) identified s
Page 117 and 118:
Table 10 presents the hectares and
Page 119 and 120:
From the forest cover classificatio
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summarized in an error matrix. The
Page 123 and 124:
acknowledged, the large amounts of
Page 125 and 126:
Despite the poor conditions, pineap
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several smaller sacks could be foun
Page 129 and 130:
Table 12. Dakatcha Woodland vegetat
Page 131 and 132:
Anthropogenic factors have contribu
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practice, different sections of the
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natural environment and thus deteri
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however, that formalisation of the
Page 139 and 140:
the other hand, the eco-tourism dev
Page 141 and 142:
promoted by the Charcoal Regulation
Page 143 and 144:
My background as a development geog
Page 145 and 146:
Boyd, J. & S. Banzhaf (2007). What
Page 147 and 148:
GOK (2009). The Forest (Harvesting)
Page 149 and 150:
Information Systems for Resources M
Page 151 and 152:
Program, United Nations Department
Page 153 and 154:
APPENDICES: APPENDIX 1 Questionnair
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2.6.8. Is the charcoal produced for
Page 157 and 158:
APPENDIX 2 Signature separability l
Page 159 and 160:
Signature Separability Listing for
Page 161 and 162:
50 Msufi Mwitu Bamba Bombax rhodogn
Page 163 and 164:
158 Mkayamba Delonix regia 159 Vepr
Page 165 and 166:
Ignorance/ illiteracy High populati
Page 167 and 168:
Water 6 5 5 83.33% 100.00% Woodland
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